The degree to which oldgrowth
attributes are maintained or developed is called ‘‘old-growthness’’. In this paper, we discuss
silvicultural approaches that promote or maintain structural attributes of old-growth forests at the
forest stand level in (a) current old-growth forests managed for timber production to retain structural
elements, (b) current old-growth forests requiring regular, minor disturbances to maintain their
structure, and (c) regrowth and secondary forests to restore old-growth structural attributes.