In this paper, we provide extensive systematic evidence about whether, how, and why, firms avoid reporting earnings decreases and losses. Section 2 presents pooled cross-sectional distributions which show that the frequencies of small earnings decreases and small losses are abnormally low relative to adjacent regions of the distributions, while the frequencies of small earnings increases and small positive earnings are abnormally high. This evidence of earnings manage ment is robust to a variety of alternative empirical specifications. An investiga tion of the prevalence of the avoidance of earnings decreases and losses suggests that this is a pervasive phenomenon: We estimate that 8-12% of firms with small pre-managed earnings decreases manipulate earnings to achieve earnings increases, and 30--44% of firms with small pre-managed losses manage earnings to create positive earnings.
In this paper, we provide extensive systematic evidence about whether, how, and why, firms avoid reporting earnings decreases and losses. Section 2 presents pooled cross-sectional distributions which show that the frequencies of small earnings decreases and small losses are abnormally low relative to adjacent regions of the distributions, while the frequencies of small earnings increases and small positive earnings are abnormally high. This evidence of earnings manage ment is robust to a variety of alternative empirical specifications. An investiga tion of the prevalence of the avoidance of earnings decreases and losses suggests that this is a pervasive phenomenon: We estimate that 8-12% of firms with small pre-managed earnings decreases manipulate earnings to achieve earnings increases, and 30--44% of firms with small pre-managed losses manage earnings to create positive earnings.
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