This may prevent individuals from seeking medical attention in public settings due to the direct economic consequence of seeking care
(lost earnings). The SABE study found that older women in Mexico city with no health insurance were less likely to have had a Pap smear
as part of cervical cancer screening in the last two years compared with women with private or public health insurance [50]. This effect was
independent of other socioeconomic indicators such as income, education, or occupation.