Quality management (QM) first focused only on quality inspection, and then included
QC, quality assurance (QA) and finally TQM. The traditional QM approach was
reactive and result-oriented, whereas the modern approach to QM is broader and now
also emphasizes quality at source or process control, at every stage, to prevent any
errors that could cause defects. The latter is a proactive process-oriented approach
(Mehra and Agrawal, 2003).