The directional dependence of stresses in the surface layer correlates with the mechanical effects of the cutting edges. The largest amount of plastic deformation is found perpendicular to the cutting direction. The material remaining in the cutting path is deformed plastically to a smaller extent due to the crushing effects during material removal.
The influence of the mechanical effect of the grits can be verified by using different wheel specifications. With increasing grit size, the grit depth of cut increases, whereas increasing number of cutting edges due to increasing concentration leads to decreasing grit depth of cut. Figure 3.65 shows the residual stresses as a function of the cutting speed, for wheels with different grit sizes and concentrations. At a defined cutting speed, a coarser wheel with fewer cutting edges (i.e. coarser grit size or lower concentration) showed higher compressive stresses. Furthermore, all wheel specifications showed the same tendency of lower compressive stresses at higher cutting speeds because of lower grit depth of cut with increasing cutting speed.
Figure 3.65.
Residual stresses for different machine settings and system quantities
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Residual Stress Gradients
The penetration depth of x-rays depends on their wave length. It is defined as the value where the primary intensity is reduced to l/e, or 37 percent of the initial value. In ceramics, the layer of residual stresses extend well below the surface, and there are high stress gradients within the penetration depth of the radiation.Figure 3.66 shows a typical profile of residual stresses in a surface ground alumina ceramic. Three different radiations were used to analyze the stresses at different lattice planes and different Bragg angels respectively. Directly underneath the surface, high compressive stresses were found with a decrease of lower compressive stresses with increasing penetration depth.
Figure 3.66.
Stress versus depth profile in ground AL2 O3/ZrO2-ceramic
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These gradients depend on the grinding conditions. Figure 3.67 shows the residual stresses of alumina as a function of the workpiece’s speed in surface grinding measured with two different radiations. With increasing workpiece speed, the lower penetrating titanium radiation leads to greater compressive stresses than with chromium rays, which cause increasing stress gradients. For creep-feed grinding the stresses of both radiations are nearly the same.
Figure 3.67.
Residual stresses with different radiations
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Investigations, using a method based on evaluating the curvature of the sin2ψ-2Θ-distribution (i.e. sin2ψ-ɛ-distribution) due to inhomogeneous stresses in the surface confirm the results described above. With increasing orientation angel ψ, the penetration depth of the radiation decreases. Therefore, information from different depth can be evaluated. Figure 3.68 shows the stress gradients in alumina ground with creep-feed and surface grinding conditions. The creep feed ground surface shows a very low stress gradient compared to a high gradient for surface grinding conditions. The stresses perpendicular to the grinding direction are higher than the stresses parallel to the grinding direction. This technique calculates the stresses based on measuring data; the valid region reaches from 1.4 μm to 10.6 μm.
Figure 3.68.
Residual stress gradients in creep-feed and surface-ground alumina