Table II
Summary Statistics for Sample Firms
Summary statistics are presented for targets of unsuccessful takeover attempts and transaction
characteristics. The sample of unsuccessful takeovers during the 1982 to 1991 period is obtained
from Mergerstat Review, published annually by W. T Grimm. Reported are median, mean,
standard deviation, and the number of observations of total debt scaled by the book value of
assets, industry-adjusted cash flow to book value, industry-adjusted cash flow to sales, marketto-
book, and holding period returns of targets minus the holding period returns of the CRSP
value-weighted index over the year prior to the announcement of the takeover attempt. The
year of the variable is indicated by a subscript: - 1 is the year before the termination, 0 is the
termination year, and + 1 is the year following the termination. Panel B reports top management
turnover following unsuccessful takeover attempts. The top manager is defined as the
CEO if there is one and the president otherwise. Management changes are identified through
comparisons in Standard and Poor's Register of Corporations, Directors, and Executives. Firms
are classified based on whether the change (A) in leverage is higher or lower than the median
change, and on whether the takeover attempt is hostile or friendly. The percentage of management
changes is presented and a difference in means test is also reported.