Many current instructional design models suggest that the most effective learning environments are
those that are problem-based and involve the student in four distinct phases of learning: (1) activation
of prior experience, (2) demonstration of skills, (3) application of skills, and (4) integration or these
skills into real world activities. Figure 2 below illustrates these five ideas. Much instructional practice
concentrates primarily on phase 2 and ignores the other phases in this cycle of learning
Learning is facilitated when learners are engaged in solving real-world problems.
Learning is facilitated when existing knowledge is activated as a foundation for new knowledge.
Learning is facilitated when new knowledge is demonstrated to the learner.
Learning is facilitated when new knowledge is applied by the learner
Learning is facilitated when new knowledge is integrated into the learner's world