Hydrothermal conversion experiments were carried out in a
100 mL stainless steel shaking autoclave under autogenic pressure.
For a typical run, a mixture of poultry meal or poultry litter
and deionized water (waste/water ratio of 20:80) was
loaded into the autoclave. The autoclave was sealed and purged
with nitrogen. It was heated to the desired temperature at a
rate of 5 C min1 and was held at this temperature for the
required duration. In the case of HTC experiments, different
reaction times (0–60 min) and temperatures (175–250 C) were
tested. HTL experiments were conducted at different temperatures
(200–325 C) for a reaction time of 30 min. At the end
of the hydrothermal process, the reactor was rapidly cooled
down to room temperature. In HTC, after gaseous products
were vented into the atmosphere, the solid residue (biochar)
was separated from reactor content by filtration and washed
with 100 ml distilled water and then dried at 105 C for 24 h
and weighed. The filtrates (aqueous phase) were bottled for
further analysis. In HTL, gaseous products were collected in a
volumetric flask for measuring their volume and GC analysis.
The reactor content was washed with dichloromethane and
filtered to separate the solid residue (char). The filtrate was
separated into dichloromethane phase and aqueous phase by a
separatory funnel. After evaporation of dichloromethane at
30 C using a rotary vacuum evaporator, the residue was
weighed as bio-oil. Char was weighed after being dried at
105 C for 24 h. The gas yield was calculated depending on its
volume and GC analysis.
Hydrothermal conversion experiments were carried out in a100 mL stainless steel shaking autoclave under autogenic pressure.For a typical run, a mixture of poultry meal or poultry litterand deionized water (waste/water ratio of 20:80) wasloaded into the autoclave. The autoclave was sealed and purgedwith nitrogen. It was heated to the desired temperature at arate of 5 C min1 and was held at this temperature for therequired duration. In the case of HTC experiments, differentreaction times (0–60 min) and temperatures (175–250 C) weretested. HTL experiments were conducted at different temperatures(200–325 C) for a reaction time of 30 min. At the endof the hydrothermal process, the reactor was rapidly cooleddown to room temperature. In HTC, after gaseous productswere vented into the atmosphere, the solid residue (biochar)was separated from reactor content by filtration and washedwith 100 ml distilled water and then dried at 105 C for 24 hand weighed. The filtrates (aqueous phase) were bottled forfurther analysis. In HTL, gaseous products were collected in avolumetric flask for measuring their volume and GC analysis.The reactor content was washed with dichloromethane andfiltered to separate the solid residue (char). The filtrate wasseparated into dichloromethane phase and aqueous phase by aseparatory funnel. After evaporation of dichloromethane at30 C using a rotary vacuum evaporator, the residue wasweighed as bio-oil. Char was weighed after being dried at105 C for 24 h. The gas yield was calculated depending on itsvolume and GC analysis.
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