The main secondary benefits come from the economic gains countries make from tourism expenditure. Lower airfares and better services will stimulate inbound tourism and increase expenditure. Outbound tourism will also increase for some countries, and some countries may lose from this effect.
There is a range of other impacts which will create benefits or costs, depending on the circumstances. These include government revenue effects, foreign exchange effects, employment effects, impacts on risks and improvements to business communications within ASEAN.
The ways in which the policy options can impact on the benefits and costs facing country are summarised in a Policy Options/ Objectives Matrix. Impacts do depend on the particular circumstances facing a country- the relative size of inbound and outbound tourism, its airlines’ market shares and other factors. Worked examples illustrate how individual countries can gain, and in some cases lose, from the adoption of particular policy options.