of chloroplast genome regionswas carried out, using six pairs of universal primers of chloroplast DNA for amplification,
followed by restriction with HinfI and TaqI in P. amarus, P. fraternus and P. urinaria. Distinct restriction patterns for the three species were obtained in all primer pair-restriction enzyme combinations. Since the primers used are conserved over a wide range of plant taxa, PCR–RFLP technique using universal cpDNA primers may be applied to other medicinal/economically important plants, posed with similar problems of identification.