is often mistakenly maintained, the substitution of direct
democracy for representative democracy (which is, in any
case, impossible in large organizations), but the transfer of
democracy from the political sphere (where the individual
is regarded as a citizen) to the social sphere (where the
individual is regarded as many-faceted); for example, as
father and son; as spouse; as entrepreneur and worker; as
teacher and student and student's parent; as officer and
soldier; as administrator and client; as producer and
consumer; as manager of public utilities, and so on. In
other words, in the extension of the form of ascending
power (which up until now was confined to the larger
political associations) to the arena of civil society in its
various manifestations from the school to the work-place.
Consequently, current forms of democratic development
cannot be interpreted as the affirmation of a new type of
democracy. Rather, they should be understood as the
occupation of new spaces, which up to now have been
dominated by bureaucratic and hierarchical organizations,
by some of the traditional forms of democracy.
Once the right to political participation has been achieved,
a citizen of the most advanced democracies takes account
of the fact that the political sphere has now been included
in a much larger sphere, that of society as a whole; political
decisions are conditioned, even determined, by what
happens in the social sphere. This is why the democratization
of political affairs, which occurs with the institution of
parliament, goes hand-in-hand with the democratization of
society. Consequently, it is perfectly possible to have a
democratic state in a society where most institutions, from
the family to school, and from the firm to public services,
are not governed democratically. At this point the question
arises that characterizes, better than any other, the actual
state of development in countries which have the most
politically advanced democracy: 'Is the survival of a
democratic state possible in an undemocratic society?' This
can also be formulated as follows: 'A political democracy
was and still is necessary so that people are not governed
is often mistakenly maintained, the substitution of directdemocracy for representative democracy (which is, in anycase, impossible in large organizations), but the transfer ofdemocracy from the political sphere (where the individualis regarded as a citizen) to the social sphere (where theindividual is regarded as many-faceted); for example, asfather and son; as spouse; as entrepreneur and worker; asteacher and student and student's parent; as officer andsoldier; as administrator and client; as producer andconsumer; as manager of public utilities, and so on. Inother words, in the extension of the form of ascendingpower (which up until now was confined to the largerpolitical associations) to the arena of civil society in itsvarious manifestations from the school to the work-place.Consequently, current forms of democratic developmentcannot be interpreted as the affirmation of a new type ofdemocracy. Rather, they should be understood as theoccupation of new spaces, which up to now have beendominated by bureaucratic and hierarchical organizations,by some of the traditional forms of democracy.Once the right to political participation has been achieved,a citizen of the most advanced democracies takes accountof the fact that the political sphere has now been includedin a much larger sphere, that of society as a whole; politicaldecisions are conditioned, even determined, by whathappens in the social sphere. This is why the democratizationof political affairs, which occurs with the institution ofparliament, goes hand-in-hand with the democratization ofsociety. Consequently, it is perfectly possible to have ademocratic state in a society where most institutions, fromthe family to school, and from the firm to public services,are not governed democratically. At this point the questionarises that characterizes, better than any other, the actualstate of development in countries which have the mostpolitically advanced democracy: 'Is the survival of ademocratic state possible in an undemocratic society?' Thiscan also be formulated as follows: 'A political democracywas and still is necessary so that people are not governed
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