Importantly, unlike the intranasal route,
sublingual immunization does not redirect immunogens to the
CNS (Neutra and Kozlowski, 2006; Song et al., 2008).
In this study, we examined the protective efficacy of the
sublingual administration of live Lactobacillus rhamnosus against
the influenza virus in mice. Moreover, to understand the mechanism
underlying this clinical protective effect, we performed