The sociological study of the dynamics of`t reunter has also
proceeded on general, unilinear lines, Thus, for example, 211/21.(1976) proposes a four-stage model for the development of the hosts' attitude to the tourist, ranging from "euphoria" to "antagonism."
The question here, as in the preceding discussion, is whether a generalized model for the dynamics of host-tourist relationships should be proposed, or whether here too one has to deal with different kinds of dynamics, which depend upon such factors as how tourism has been introduced into the region (organic vs. induced growth), the attitude of locals to outsiders prior to the introduction of tourism, etc. If tourism ha been induced from the outside, and if locals are initially xenophobic, a eu onc attitude at the first stage can hardly be expected. Thus, among the hi 'bes of
Northern Thailand, touring companies, originating in the city. ofte impose their guests upon remote villagers. Though they might be remunerate f r their efforts and thus profit from the enterprise, the villagers are still a n reluctant to provide
hospitality, particularly if, as among the Pwo Karen igion teaches them to beware
of strangers. Suspicion rather than euphoria, s to characterize this stage. However,
as they get used to strangers. their initial suspicion might gradually turn into a more benevolent attitude. At the other extreme, studies of communities with a long history of tourism have shown that the process of attitudinal change does not necessarily end with antagonism but might turn into one of indifference: in such places, as MacCannell (1976:106) points out, "The local people...have long discounted the presence of tourists and go about their business as usual,...treating tourists as part of the regional scenery." Pi-Sunyer (1977:155) also found in the Catalan community he studied that locals showed indifference or, at most, dislike towards tourists but only
ra hated them. LaFlamme, in this issue of Annals reports a similar finding.
On th is of the few detailed studies of host attitudes towards tourists, it
appears that ther o universal model which could do justice to their differential
dynamics under varying cbMii'x'—ins. A careful comparative study of the host-tourist relationships should lead to the formulation of several models of such dynamics.
The last, but perhaps the most important area of sociology of tourism in which general models have been evolved, is that of 1`?eiri t of tourism upon the host society. This is a complex subject, yet, due to space limitation, only a brief discussion is given here. Two contrasting models have been proposed in this field: (a) a develoErJiAriLato4e1, according to which tourism breeds socio-economic change and development. and (b) a dependency model, according to which tourism leads merely to economic growth but leaves the underdeveloped social structure of the destination area more or less untouched or even reenforces previously existing social discrepancies (Perez 1973/4; Wirth 1976). Contrary to the state of affairs in most of the previously discussed areas, a considerable body of information has already been accumulated on the concrete consequences of tourism under varying conditions. The controversy between the protagonists of the various models is essentially ideological and hence has been only little influenced by the results of empirical research. The two models do not really seem to be alternative general descriptions but rather polar points of a continuum: in each concrete situation, it should in principle be possible to establish whether tourism furthered development or dependency. A neutralization of