Learning and memory require energy-demanding cellular processes and can be
enhanced when the brain is supplemented with metabolic substrates. It was found that
neuroglial cell metabolic activity was significantly elevated when neuroglial cells
were cultured in the presence of the PHB degradation product 3HB and derivatives.
We demonstrated that the receptor for 3HB, namely, protein upregulated in macrophages
by interferon-g (PUMA-G), was expressed in brain and upregulated in mice
treated with 3HBME. We also affirmed increased expression of connexin 36
protein and phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) in brain
tissues following 3HBME treatment, although these differences were not statistically
significant. Mice treated with 3HBME performed significantly (p < 0.05) better
in the Morris water maze than either the negative controls (no treatment) or the
positive controls (acetyl-l-carnitine treatment). Moreover, 3HBME was observed to
enhance gap junctional intercellular communication between neurons. Thus, 3HB
and its derivatives enhance learning and memory, possibly through a signaling
pathway requiring PUMA-G that increases protein synthesis and gap junctional
intercellular communication (Zou et al. 2009).
Learning and memory require energy-demanding cellular processes and can beenhanced when the brain is supplemented with metabolic substrates. It was found thatneuroglial cell metabolic activity was significantly elevated when neuroglial cellswere cultured in the presence of the PHB degradation product 3HB and derivatives.We demonstrated that the receptor for 3HB, namely, protein upregulated in macrophagesby interferon-g (PUMA-G), was expressed in brain and upregulated in micetreated with 3HBME. We also affirmed increased expression of connexin 36protein and phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) in braintissues following 3HBME treatment, although these differences were not statisticallysignificant. Mice treated with 3HBME performed significantly (p < 0.05) betterin the Morris water maze than either the negative controls (no treatment) or thepositive controls (acetyl-l-carnitine treatment). Moreover, 3HBME was observed toenhance gap junctional intercellular communication between neurons. Thus, 3HBand its derivatives enhance learning and memory, possibly through a signalingpathway requiring PUMA-G that increases protein synthesis and gap junctionalintercellular communication (Zou et al. 2009).
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