1. Introduct ion...................

1. Introduct ion.................................................................................................................34
1.1 The Plast ic Lifec ycle is Broken...........................................................................................................36
1.1.1 A Brief History of Plastic..................................................................................................................37
1.1.2 Plastic in the Oceans.......................................................................................................................37
1.1.3 Breaking the Cycle..........................................................................................................................38
1.1.4 What is the Problem........................................................................................................................39
1.2 Observat ions of Oceanic Plast ic Poll ution......................................................................................40
1.2.1 Plastic Pollution as Quantified by Net Tows.....................................................................................41
1.2.2 Plastic Pollution as Quantified by Visual Observations....................................................................45
1.3 Plast ic in the Marine Environment....................................................................................................48
1.3.1 Ecological impacts.........................................................................................................................49
1.3.1.1 Entanglement.......................................................................................................................49
1.3.1.2 Ingestion..............................................................................................................................52
1.3.1.3 Invasive species....................................................................................................................54
1.3.2 Economic impacts..........................................................................................................................54
1.3.2.1 Direct and Indirect Costs......................................................................................................54
1.3.3 Ecotoxicological impacts.................................................................................................................56
1.3.3.1 Toxic Additives in Plastic.......................................................................................................56
1.3.3.2 Absorption of Contaminants by Plastic.................................................................................57
1.3.3.3 Transfer of Contaminants to Organisms................................................................................58
1.4 Arguments for a cleanup.....................................................................................................................60
1.4.1 Trends in Plastic Usage....................................................................................................................61
1.4.2 Natural Plastic Loss from the Gyres.................................................................................................62
1.4.3 Moral arguments............................................................................................................................63
1.4.4 Conclusions....................................................................................................................................63
1.5 Cleanup Challenges ..............................................................................................................................64
1.5.1 Scale and Depth.............................................................................................................................65
1.5.2 Plastic Size and Depth Distribution.................................................................................................65
1.5.3 Destructive Marine Environment.....................................................................................................65
1.5.4 Environmental Impact.....................................................................................................................67
1.5.5 Legal Challenges............................................................................................................................67
1.6 Alternat ive Cleanup Concepts ............................................................................................................68
1.6.1 Drone-based Concepts....................................................................................................................69
1.6.2 Vessel-based Concepts...................................................................................................................69

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 1:

1. Introduct ion................................................................................................................. 341.1 พลาสท์ ic Lifec ycle จะใช้งานไม่ได้... 361.1.1 A Brief History of Plastic.................................................................................................................. 371.1.2 Plastic in the Oceans....................................................................................................................... 371.1.3 Breaking the Cycle.......................................................................................................................... 381.1.4 What is the Problem........................................................................................................................ 391.2 Observat ไอออนของมหาสมุทรพลาสท์ ution โพล... 401.2.1 มลพิษพลาสติกเป็นวัดโดย Tows สุทธิ... 411.2.2 มลพิษพลาสติกเป็นวัดโดยสังเกตภาพ... 451.3 พลาสท์ ic ในสภาพแวดล้อมทางทะเล... 481.3.1 Ecological impacts......................................................................................................................... 491.3.1.1 Entanglement....................................................................................................................... 491.3.1.2 Ingestion.............................................................................................................................. 521.3.1.3 Invasive species.................................................................................................................... 541.3.2 Economic impacts.......................................................................................................................... 541.3.2.1 Direct and Indirect Costs...................................................................................................... 541.3.3 Ecotoxicological impacts................................................................................................................. 561.3.3.1 Toxic Additives in Plastic....................................................................................................... 561.3.3.2 ดูดซึมปนด้วยพลาสติก... 571.3.3.3 ถ่ายปนกับสิ่งมีชีวิต... 581.4 Arguments for a cleanup..................................................................................................................... 601.4.1 Trends in Plastic Usage.................................................................................................................... 611.4.2 ธรรมชาติพลาสติกขาดทุน Gyres ... 621.4.3 Moral arguments............................................................................................................................ 631.4.4 Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 631.5 Cleanup Challenges .............................................................................................................................. 641.5.1 Scale and Depth............................................................................................................................. 651.5.2 พลาสติกขนาดและความลึกกระจาย... 651.5.3 ทำลายสภาพแวดล้อมทางทะเล... 651.5.4 Environmental Impact..................................................................................................................... 671.5.5 Legal Challenges............................................................................................................................ 671.6 Alternat ive Cleanup Concepts ............................................................................................................ 681.6.1 Drone-based Concepts.................................................................................................................... 691.6.2 Vessel-based Concepts................................................................................................................... 69

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 2:

1. introduct
ไอซีพลาสท์ Lifec ycle คือ
ประวัติโดยย่อของ
พลาสติกใน
ทำลาย
อะไรคือ
ไอออน Observat ของมหาสมุทร Plast ไอซีโพลล์ ution .......................................... ............................................ 40
1.2.1 มลพิษพลาสติก เป็นวัดสุทธิลูกมือ ............................................. ........................................ 41
1.2.2 มลพิษพลาสติกเป็นวัดโดย Visual สังเกต ................................................. ................... 45
1.3 Plast ไอซีในทะเล
นิเวศวิทยา ที่แพร่กระจาย เศรษฐกิจ ตรงและทางอ้อม สารผสม สารพิษ การดูดซึมของสารปนเปื้อนจากพลาสติก ............................................. .................................... 57 1.3.3.3 การโอนสารปนเปื้อนที่จะมีชีวิต ..... .................................................. ......................... 58 1.4 ข้อโต้แย้งสำหรับ แนวโน้มในพลาสติก การสูญเสียพลาสติกจากธรรมชาติ คุณธรรม ความท้าทาย Cleanup ขนาดและ ขนาดและความลึกพลาสติก ทะเลทำลาย สิ่งแวดล้อม กฎหมาย alternat ive แนวคิดการล้างข้อมูล เสียงพึมพำตาม เรือที่ใช้