surface were sparser than at the TMP of 1.5 MPa. Fig. 4E shows the
calculated volume of the bacteria adhered on the membrane surface
and J/J0 of the biofouling experiments at different TMPs. The bacterial
volume increasedwith an increment in the applied TMP. Increased bacterial
volume indicates bacterial growth and biofilm formation which
results in the resistance to water permeation [15,24].