The pasting properties of formulated flours were investigated with
a Rapid Visco-Analyzer (RVA-3D, Newport Scientific, Australia). The
method was referred to the study of Wang, Chiang, Li, and Huang
(2008). An 8% formulated flour-water suspension (28 g total weight)
was prepared and subjected to a heating–cooling cycle. The starch
suspensions were equilibrated at 50 °C for 1 min, heated to 95 °C at
13.2 °C/min, held at 95 °C for 3 min, cooled to 50 °C at 11.6 °C/min,
and held at 50 °C for 2 min. The paddle speed was set to 960 rpm for
the first 10 s, then 160 rpm for the remainder of the experiment. The
viscoamylogram described the various characteristics of the formulated
flour, including peak temperature, peak viscosity (p), viscosity at
95 °C after 5 min of holding (H), and the final viscosity at end of the
50 °C holding period (F), which was obtained from a typical diagram
of the Rapid Visco-Analyzer pasting curves. The unit of pasting
properties of the formulated flour is expressed as RVU, where RVU is
the unit of viscosity from the Rapid Visco-Analyzer. Three replicates of
each sample were carried out in this experiment.