4.5 Alkaline pretreatments
• (1) Sodium hydroxide pretreatment
• Alkali pretreatment processes generally do not hydrolyze hemicellulose as extensively as acidic pretreatments, but can be effective at removing lignin, which can lead to an increase in the enzymatic digestibility of alkali pretreated solids.
• This pretreatment approach causes swelling of fibers, leading to an increase in internal surface area, reduction in the degree of polymerization, a decrease in crystallinity, separation of the structural linkages between lignin and carbohydrates, and disruption of lignin structure.
• The effectiveness of sodium hydroxide pretreatment has been correlated to feedstock lignin content, with high lignin feedstocks, especially softwoods, showing poor performance using this pretreatment method.
• Dilute sodium hydroxide pretreatment has been shown to be quite effective on low lignin (10-18% lignin content) straw feedstocks.
• (2) Lime pretreatment
• Lime pretreatment has been studied as a low-cost process that primarily achieves acetyl and lignin solubilization.
• Lime pretreatment has been investigated at a wide range of temperatures, from 25°C to about 130°C, with lime loadings of about 10 wt% (on a dry feedstock basis) and solid loadings of 20% or less.
• At higher temperatures, the pretreatment times are reasonably short (minutes to hours), but can extend to seral weeks at lower temperatures.
• Due to the lengthy residence time at low temperatures, lime pretreatment can be conducted in a pile arrangement without expensive pressure reactors and can be performed as part of the feedstock storage system.
• Near-complete deacetylation generally occurs upon lime pretreatment of low-lignin herbaceous feedstocks and agricultural residues, with about 30% lignin removal.
• Much higher lignin removal (up to 80%) can be achieved by adding oxygen or air to the lime pretreatment system.
• The additional lignin removal under oxidative conditions allows lime pretreatment to achieve reasonable enzymatic digestibility using more recalcitrant feedstocks, such as sugar cane bagasse and hardwoods.
• Lime pretreatment generally takes longer pretreatment times than other alkaline pretreatments.
4.5 Alkaline pretreatments • (1) Sodium hydroxide pretreatment • Alkali pretreatment processes generally do not hydrolyze hemicellulose as extensively as acidic pretreatments, but can be effective at removing lignin, which can lead to an increase in the enzymatic digestibility of alkali pretreated solids. • This pretreatment approach causes swelling of fibers, leading to an increase in internal surface area, reduction in the degree of polymerization, a decrease in crystallinity, separation of the structural linkages between lignin and carbohydrates, and disruption of lignin structure. • The effectiveness of sodium hydroxide pretreatment has been correlated to feedstock lignin content, with high lignin feedstocks, especially softwoods, showing poor performance using this pretreatment method. • Dilute sodium hydroxide pretreatment has been shown to be quite effective on low lignin (10-18% lignin content) straw feedstocks.• (2) Lime pretreatment • Lime pretreatment has been studied as a low-cost process that primarily achieves acetyl and lignin solubilization. • Lime pretreatment has been investigated at a wide range of temperatures, from 25°C to about 130°C, with lime loadings of about 10 wt% (on a dry feedstock basis) and solid loadings of 20% or less. • At higher temperatures, the pretreatment times are reasonably short (minutes to hours), but can extend to seral weeks at lower temperatures. • Due to the lengthy residence time at low temperatures, lime pretreatment can be conducted in a pile arrangement without expensive pressure reactors and can be performed as part of the feedstock storage system. • Near-complete deacetylation generally occurs upon lime pretreatment of low-lignin herbaceous feedstocks and agricultural residues, with about 30% lignin removal.• Much higher lignin removal (up to 80%) can be achieved by adding oxygen or air to the lime pretreatment system. • The additional lignin removal under oxidative conditions allows lime pretreatment to achieve reasonable enzymatic digestibility using more recalcitrant feedstocks, such as sugar cane bagasse and hardwoods. • Lime pretreatment generally takes longer pretreatment times than other alkaline pretreatments.
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