We examined six areas related to health behaviors: skipping meals, diet, physical activity, smoking, drinking, and health exam- ination. Meal skipping frequency was assessed as the number of times that participants did not eat food per week on a 3-point scale [1 ¼ less than once,2 ¼ sometimes,3 ¼ almost every day (6e7 times a week)]. Diet was evaluated using the Mini Dietary Assessment In- dex for Koreans developed by [51] along a 5-point response format (from 1 ¼ rarely to 5 ¼ always). This 10-item scale measures the extent to which participants practice balanced diet habits in everyday living. Intake of high-fat (fried and stir-fried) foods, excessive sodium, and snacks were reversecoded for statistical analysis. A total score of 30 or higher indicates a healthy diet. Cronbach's alpha of the measure was .72 in this study. Participants were asked to report (yes/no) whether they engage in regular physical activity, smoking, and drinking, and whether they had had a health examination in the last 2 years.