Rituals occur at several levels. Some reinforce broad cultural or religious values. Public rituals such as the super Bowl, presidential inaugurations, and graduation ceremonies are communal activities that affirm our membership in the larger group and reassure us that we are reading from the same script as everyone else. In one study, researchers documented the collective ritual of headbanging at heavy metal music concerts. They showed how participants, who tend to come from lower economic classes and feel disempowered in other settings,