Sport Tourism: An Introduction to the Special Issue
Heather J. Gibson University of Florida
The last decade of the twentieth century was marked by a growing recognition of the inherent relationship between sport and tourism. As Redmond (1991) observed, “In recent years the points of contact between sport and tourism have increased dramatically—a trend that is likely to continue well into the next century” (p. 108). Beginning in the 1980s, primarily in Europe, Glyptis (1982, 1991) and De Knop (1987, 1990) began to investigate and write about the role of sport in vacations, primarily from the perspective of the tourist as an active sports participant. By the mid-1990s, publications and presentations from academics in Japan, North America, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as Europe were evident and a body of knowledge related to sport related travel began to form (e.g., Delpy, 1998; Gammon & Robinson, 1997; Getz, 1998; Gibson, Attle, & Yiannakis, 1998; Green & Chalip, 1998; Hall, 1992; Kurtzman & Zauhar, 1995; Nogawa, Yamguchi, & Hagi, 1996; Pigeassou, 1997; Standeven & Tomlinson, 1994; Turco & Eisenhardt, 1998; Weed & Bull, 1997). Since 1993, under the auspices of the Sports Tourism International Council, a private organization in Canada, the Journal of Sports Tourism has provided an on-line source of information. After 10 years as an on-line journal it has been relaunched this year in a peer reviewed printed format and will provide an outlet for the ever-increasing number of scholars working in the subject area. In addition, four issues of established tourism journals have been devoted to sport tourism: Current Issues in Tourism, 5(1), 2002; Journal of Vacation Marketing, 1998, 4(1); Tourism Recreation Research, 22(1) 1997; and Visions in Leisure and Business, 1999, 18(spring). This special issue of the Journal of Sport Management is the first of the “mainstream” sport journals to publish a collection of sport tourism articles. Over the last 5 years, a number of specialist sport tourism books have been published. The first of these was Standeven and DeKnop’s book, Sport Tourism, published in 1999. This has now been joined by Turco, Riley, and Swart’s (2002) book Sport Tourism and Hudson’s (2003) Sport and Adventure Tourism. A number of other books are imminent, including Ritchie and Adair’s (2003) Sport Tourism:
H.J. Gibson is with the Department of Recreation, Parks and Tourism, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
INTRODUCTION
206 Gibson
Interrelationships, Impacts and Issues, and Hinch and Higham’s (2003) Sport Tourism Development. A growing number of conferences also adopted a sport tourism theme through the 1990s. These include the TEAMS, Travel, Events and Management in Sports, held annually in the United States since 1997; the Illinois Sport Tourism Conference, in the mid-90s; Sports Generated Tourism: Exploring the Nexus, Canberra, Australia, 2000; the Leisure Studies Association Conference, Luton, UK, 2001; and the joint IOC/WTO conferences held since 2000. Government policy has also been influenced by sport tourism. Around the world, various governments have introduced sport tourism initiatives to encourage tourism related to sport in their countries. These include Australia, Canada, South Africa, and the United Kingdom, among others. In the United States, the Travel Industry Association of America (TIA) undertook a study in 1999 specifically aimed at measuring the amount of domestic travel related to sport. They found that between 1994 and 1999, 75.3 million American adults traveled to take part in an organized sporting event either as a spectator or as a participant (Travel Industry Association, 1999). However, although there have been national sport tourism initiatives in several countries around the world, there has been no such initiative in the United States where American federalism has relegated sport and tourism development to state and local authorities. Indeed, at the state and local levels, there is a growing awareness of the potential benefits inherent in sport tourism. Much of this impetus is spearheaded by the National Association of Sports Commissions (NASC), which operate at the community level to promote and organize sport related tourism. However, as yet much of the same criticism that Glyptis (1982) levied at the state of sport tourism development in five Western European countries over 20 years ago still seems to be evident today. In reflecting upon her 1982 study, Glyptis (1991) suggested that there appears to be “a linkage between sport and tourism in the minds of participants, commercial providers and local authorities, but a lack of conscious integration—or even resistance to it, by policy makers, planners and public providers at the national level” (p. 166). Weed’s (2001) recent work in reference to the situation in the United Kingdom confirms this situation in government agencies responsible for sport and tourism. In recent years, in line with the increased academic and practical attention to this form of tourism, universities have added sport tourism to their curricula in various ways. Swart (2000) reported that 28 academics from the UK, USA, Belgium, Australia, South Korea, and Canada responded to her survey investigating the presence of sport tourism in university curricula. She found that 84 sport tourism courses existed. Seventy-eight percent of the respondents reported that sport tourism was taught within existing course modules. Forty percent reported that specialist degrees in sport tourism were offered at their institutions. While the verdict is still out as to whether sport tourism degrees are necessary, a model of international collaboration in sport tourism education now exists. In 2002, an international exchange program was established between three Canadian institutions led by the University of Alberta (Partners: University of Manitoba and University of Regina, Saskatchewan) and three European institutions led by the University of
Sport Tourism Intro 207
Luton, UK (Partners: University of Jyväskylä, Finland and Université de Montpellier 1, France). The program sponsored by the Canadian-European Community Program for Co-operation in Higher Education contains provision for student and faculty exchanges and distance education via the Internet. The inclusion of sport tourism in the new generation of sport management and tourism text books (e.g., Goeldner & Ritchie, 2003; Parks & Quarterman, 2003) provides further testimony to the recognition that this is a topic of interest and practical importance for future sport and tourism managers.
What Is Sport Tourism?
Over the years various definitions of sport tourism have been put forward. Hall (1992) suggested that sport tourism is characterized by two behaviors: travel to take part and travel to watch sport. Most scholars tend to agree that there is an active and a passive form of sport tourism (e.g., Gammon & Robinson, 1997; Ritchie & Adair, 2002; Standeven & De Knop, 1999). In an attempt to delineate more clearly what constituted sport in the sport tourism context, Hinch and Higham (2001) used the work of McPherson, Curtis, and Loy (1989) as their guide. For tourism, they used Leiper’s (1990) tourism attractions framework. Hinch and Higham suggested that “sport tourism is defined as sport-based travel away from the home environment for a limited time, where sport is characterized by a unique set of rules, competition related to physical prowess and a playful nature” (p. 56). In contrast, to many of these scholars, I have argued that sport tourism is characterized by three behavioral sets and can be defined as “Leisure-based travel that takes individuals temporarily outside of their home communities to participate in physical activities, to watch physical activities, or to venerate attractions associated with physical activities” (Gibson, 1998, p. 49). Taking a lead from Redmond’s (1991) essay where he identified the growth in the popularity of sports-themed vacations, I suggest there are three types of sport tourism: (a) active sport tourism where participants travel to take part in sport; (b) event sport tourism where participants travel to watch sport; and (c) nostalgia sport tourism where participants visit sports related attractions such as halls of fame, famous stadia, or sports-themed cruises.
Growing the Body of Knowledge
After over a decade of scholarship in sport tourism, in 2001 I posed the question, “Is sport tourism at a crossroads?” (Gibson, 2002a). At that time, I felt that if sport tourism was to gain an identity as a legitimate subject of study that several things needed to happen. Certainly, as Gartner (1996) prophesized, “Sport tourism will probably develop its own cadre of researchers” (p. 317). This has occurred. However, as Williams and Fidgeon (2001) observed, “Traditionally the two literatures viz sport and tourism have tended to be quite distinct. Each has claimed its own ideas, concepts and abstract theories” (p. 379). So if the study of sport tourism was to progress, we had to bring the two bodies of knowledge to
208 Gibson
gether and to answer the various critics who saw much of the existing work as atheoretical or nothing more than event management. Thus, I hope that this special issue will foster this next phase in sport tourism scholarship. Certainly, the articles in this issue are all theoretically grounded, and the authors have drawn upon a range of disciplines, including policy studies, consumer behavior, leisure studies, sociology, anthropology, as well as sport and tourism studies to frame their work. Moreover, the authors used a range of methods to investigate various aspects of sport tourism, including participant observation, in-depth interviews, content analysis, surveys, and experiments. The geographic scope of the subjects of study is global; it provides an analysis of aspects of sport tourism in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and t
ท่องเที่ยวกีฬา: บทนำฉบับพิเศษเฮเจกิบสันมหาวิทยาลัยฟลอริดาThe last decade of the twentieth century was marked by a growing recognition of the inherent relationship between sport and tourism. As Redmond (1991) observed, “In recent years the points of contact between sport and tourism have increased dramatically—a trend that is likely to continue well into the next century” (p. 108). Beginning in the 1980s, primarily in Europe, Glyptis (1982, 1991) and De Knop (1987, 1990) began to investigate and write about the role of sport in vacations, primarily from the perspective of the tourist as an active sports participant. By the mid-1990s, publications and presentations from academics in Japan, North America, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as Europe were evident and a body of knowledge related to sport related travel began to form (e.g., Delpy, 1998; Gammon & Robinson, 1997; Getz, 1998; Gibson, Attle, & Yiannakis, 1998; Green & Chalip, 1998; Hall, 1992; Kurtzman & Zauhar, 1995; Nogawa, Yamguchi, & Hagi, 1996; Pigeassou, 1997; Standeven & Tomlinson, 1994; Turco & Eisenhardt, 1998; Weed & Bull, 1997). Since 1993, under the auspices of the Sports Tourism International Council, a private organization in Canada, the Journal of Sports Tourism has provided an on-line source of information. After 10 years as an on-line journal it has been relaunched this year in a peer reviewed printed format and will provide an outlet for the ever-increasing number of scholars working in the subject area. In addition, four issues of established tourism journals have been devoted to sport tourism: Current Issues in Tourism, 5(1), 2002; Journal of Vacation Marketing, 1998, 4(1); Tourism Recreation Research, 22(1) 1997; and Visions in Leisure and Business, 1999, 18(spring). This special issue of the Journal of Sport Management is the first of the “mainstream” sport journals to publish a collection of sport tourism articles. Over the last 5 years, a number of specialist sport tourism books have been published. The first of these was Standeven and DeKnop’s book, Sport Tourism, published in 1999. This has now been joined by Turco, Riley, and Swart’s (2002) book Sport Tourism and Hudson’s (2003) Sport and Adventure Tourism. A number of other books are imminent, including Ritchie and Adair’s (2003) Sport Tourism:H.J. กิบสันเป็นฝ่ายนันทนาการ สวนสาธารณะ และท่องเที่ยว มหาวิทยาลัยฟลอริดา เกนส์วิลล์ ชั้นแนะนำกิบสัน 206Interrelationships, Impacts and Issues, and Hinch and Higham’s (2003) Sport Tourism Development. A growing number of conferences also adopted a sport tourism theme through the 1990s. These include the TEAMS, Travel, Events and Management in Sports, held annually in the United States since 1997; the Illinois Sport Tourism Conference, in the mid-90s; Sports Generated Tourism: Exploring the Nexus, Canberra, Australia, 2000; the Leisure Studies Association Conference, Luton, UK, 2001; and the joint IOC/WTO conferences held since 2000. Government policy has also been influenced by sport tourism. Around the world, various governments have introduced sport tourism initiatives to encourage tourism related to sport in their countries. These include Australia, Canada, South Africa, and the United Kingdom, among others. In the United States, the Travel Industry Association of America (TIA) undertook a study in 1999 specifically aimed at measuring the amount of domestic travel related to sport. They found that between 1994 and 1999, 75.3 million American adults traveled to take part in an organized sporting event either as a spectator or as a participant (Travel Industry Association, 1999). However, although there have been national sport tourism initiatives in several countries around the world, there has been no such initiative in the United States where American federalism has relegated sport and tourism development to state and local authorities. Indeed, at the state and local levels, there is a growing awareness of the potential benefits inherent in sport tourism. Much of this impetus is spearheaded by the National Association of Sports Commissions (NASC), which operate at the community level to promote and organize sport related tourism. However, as yet much of the same criticism that Glyptis (1982) levied at the state of sport tourism development in five Western European countries over 20 years ago still seems to be evident today. In reflecting upon her 1982 study, Glyptis (1991) suggested that there appears to be “a linkage between sport and tourism in the minds of participants, commercial providers and local authorities, but a lack of conscious integration—or even resistance to it, by policy makers, planners and public providers at the national level” (p. 166). Weed’s (2001) recent work in reference to the situation in the United Kingdom confirms this situation in government agencies responsible for sport and tourism. In recent years, in line with the increased academic and practical attention to this form of tourism, universities have added sport tourism to their curricula in various ways. Swart (2000) reported that 28 academics from the UK, USA, Belgium, Australia, South Korea, and Canada responded to her survey investigating the presence of sport tourism in university curricula. She found that 84 sport tourism courses existed. Seventy-eight percent of the respondents reported that sport tourism was taught within existing course modules. Forty percent reported that specialist degrees in sport tourism were offered at their institutions. While the verdict is still out as to whether sport tourism degrees are necessary, a model of international collaboration in sport tourism education now exists. In 2002, an international exchange program was established between three Canadian institutions led by the University of Alberta (Partners: University of Manitoba and University of Regina, Saskatchewan) and three European institutions led by the University ofแนะนำการท่องเที่ยวกีฬา 207ลูตัน สหราชอาณาจักร (คู่: มหาวิทยาลัย Jyväskylä ฟินแลนด์และ Université de มงแปลีเย 1 ฝรั่งเศส) โปรแกรมที่สนับสนุน โดยชุมชนแคนาดายุโรปสำหรับความร่วมมือในระดับอุดมศึกษาประกอบด้วยส่วนสำรองสำหรับนักศึกษา และคณาจารย์แลกเปลี่ยน และศึกษาทางไกลผ่านทางอินเทอร์เน็ต รวมกีฬาท่องเที่ยวในการสร้างใหม่การจัดการกีฬาและการท่องเที่ยวหนังสือข้อความ (เช่น Goeldner และ Ritchie, 2003 สวนสาธารณะและ Quarterman, 2003) มีพยานหลักฐานเพิ่มเติมเพื่อการรับรู้ว่า นี่คือหัวข้อที่สนใจและความสำคัญทางปฏิบัติสำหรับการจัดการการกีฬาและการท่องเที่ยวในอนาคตกีฬาท่องเที่ยวคืออะไรOver the years various definitions of sport tourism have been put forward. Hall (1992) suggested that sport tourism is characterized by two behaviors: travel to take part and travel to watch sport. Most scholars tend to agree that there is an active and a passive form of sport tourism (e.g., Gammon & Robinson, 1997; Ritchie & Adair, 2002; Standeven & De Knop, 1999). In an attempt to delineate more clearly what constituted sport in the sport tourism context, Hinch and Higham (2001) used the work of McPherson, Curtis, and Loy (1989) as their guide. For tourism, they used Leiper’s (1990) tourism attractions framework. Hinch and Higham suggested that “sport tourism is defined as sport-based travel away from the home environment for a limited time, where sport is characterized by a unique set of rules, competition related to physical prowess and a playful nature” (p. 56). In contrast, to many of these scholars, I have argued that sport tourism is characterized by three behavioral sets and can be defined as “Leisure-based travel that takes individuals temporarily outside of their home communities to participate in physical activities, to watch physical activities, or to venerate attractions associated with physical activities” (Gibson, 1998, p. 49). Taking a lead from Redmond’s (1991) essay where he identified the growth in the popularity of sports-themed vacations, I suggest there are three types of sport tourism: (a) active sport tourism where participants travel to take part in sport; (b) event sport tourism where participants travel to watch sport; and (c) nostalgia sport tourism where participants visit sports related attractions such as halls of fame, famous stadia, or sports-themed cruises.องค์ความรู้และการเจริญเติบโตหลังจากกว่าทศวรรษการศึกษาท่องเที่ยวกีฬา ในปีค.ศ. 2001 ฉันอึ้งถาม, "เป็นกีฬาการท่องเที่ยวที่เป็นครอ? " (กิบสัน 2002a) ในขณะนั้น ฉันรู้สึกที่ถ้ากีฬาท่องเที่ยวจะ ได้รับรหัสประจำตัวเป็นเรื่องถูกต้องตามกฎหมายการศึกษาที่จำเป็นหลายสิ่งเกิดขึ้น แน่นอน เป็น Gartner (1996) prophesized "ท่องเที่ยวกีฬาจะคงพัฒนาตัวเองคาเดรวิจัย" (p. 317) นี้เกิดขึ้น อย่างไรก็ตาม เป็นวิลเลียมส์และ Fidgeon (2001) สังเกต "ประเพณี literatures สอง viz กีฬา และท่องเที่ยวได้มีแนวโน้มจะค่อนข้างแตกต่างกัน แต่ละได้อ้างว่า ความคิดของตนเอง แนวคิด และทฤษฎีนามธรรม" (p. 379) ดังนั้นถ้ามีการศึกษาการท่องเที่ยวกีฬาก้าว แนะนำร่างสองของความรู้กิบสัน 208gether and to answer the various critics who saw much of the existing work as atheoretical or nothing more than event management. Thus, I hope that this special issue will foster this next phase in sport tourism scholarship. Certainly, the articles in this issue are all theoretically grounded, and the authors have drawn upon a range of disciplines, including policy studies, consumer behavior, leisure studies, sociology, anthropology, as well as sport and tourism studies to frame their work. Moreover, the authors used a range of methods to investigate various aspects of sport tourism, including participant observation, in-depth interviews, content analysis, surveys, and experiments. The geographic scope of the subjects of study is global; it provides an analysis of aspects of sport tourism in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and t
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
