Open Technique
Indications for Appendix Removal (Appendectomy)
Appendicitis – acute or subacute process that causes the lumen of the appendix (which is a blind sac) to become obstructed with buildup of pressure and eventual rupture. This is the most common indication for appendix removal (appendectomy).
Mass – rarely an appendiceal mass is found on CT scan or during intra-abdominal surgery (laparotomy)
Abscess – if found secondary to appendicitis it must be drained. If it is diagnosed preoperatively care currently is to have an interventional radiologist (a radiologist who does procedures) drain the abscess via a percutaneously (through the skin) placed catheter that is left in place to decompress the cavity and allow it to “heal from the inside out”. The appendix is then removed with the techniques described below for appendix removal at about 6 weeks. If it is found during surgery it must be decompressed and a drain left in place in the abcess cavity by the surgeon.
Contraindications for Appendix Removal
Existing appendiceal rupture with defined abscess cavity.
Appendicitis in setting of adjacent inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., a Crohn’s disease flare-up in the contiguous terminal ileum or cecum).
Diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis – appendicitis requiring appendix removal remains a clinical diagnosis primarily. There is no set of invariably occuring signs and symptoms that leads to the decision to perform appendix removal . The two most common are anorexia (loss of appetite) and pain, although there are many cases of appendicitis that have neither of these. Other signs and symptoms leading to the decision for appendix removal include pain around the umbilicus that “moves” to the right lower quadrant, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rigid and board-like abdomen, and worsening pain on walking. Appendicitis is most difficult to clinically diagnose in the very young and very old and in patients who are diabetic or on steroids.
Radiographic diagnosis – there are three radiographic studies when evaluating for the need for appendix removal that are commonly used to help diagnose appendicitis, although in clear-cut clinical cases none is absolutely required. The most widely used is computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis with 5 mm cuts. For best results this should be performed with intravenous dye, dye given by mouth (or PO), and dye given per rectum (although this is often not done as it is uncomfortable for the patient and radiology technician both.) Findings consistent with appendicitis requiring appendix removal are stranding in the mesentery, non-visualization of the appendix lumen, fluid in the pelvis, and an enlarged and thickened appendix, especially if it is seen in cross-section. It must be noted that a normal CT does not rule appendicitis. Studies have shown that a CT can miss appendicitis, especially in the early stages, in up to 10% of cases.
Although less widely used today, plain-film radiography (aka “a flat plate”) can be helpful in showing an opacity in the right lower quadrant that could be suggestive of an fecolith (insissipated stool in the mouth of the appendix) that leads to appendix removal.
The third radiology test that is sometimes used in children to determine the need for appendix removal is an ultrasound of the right lower abdomen. This test is easy to perform, non-invasive, and has no radiation exposure, but it is of limited help as it is sometimes difficult to visualize the appendix (either normal or inflamed). It is almost never used in adults due to the larger body habitus.
Preoperative Workup and Preparation for Appendix Removal
Fluid Resuscitation – this usually consists of crystalloid fluids intravenously to restore any intravascular fluid depletion that might be present due to inflammation of the peritoneum (peritonitis) and fluid sequestration in the intraabdominal tissues (“third spacing”). The fluid given is usually normal saline solution or lactated Ringer’s solution.
Antibiotics – uniformly given. Since the appendix comes off the terminal ileum at the juncture of the colon, rupture leads to spillage into the peritoneal cavity of gram negative and anaerobic bacteria. The type antibiotics given are Unasyn and Flagyl (metronidazole) or Zosyn (pipercillin-tazobactam) or in the case of a person with a penicillin allergy ciprofloxacin and Flagyl
Incision for Appendix Removal
McBurney incision– most appendix removal proceduree use this mall incision that runs diagonally on the abdominal wall in the right lower quadrant (i.e., parallel to the edge of the external oblique muscle or in the direction running from the hip bone to the pubic bone.)
Rocky-Davis incision– small incision that runs horizontally on the abdominal wall in the right lower quadrant
Midline incision– this is sometimes done is the patient is obese or if the surgeon is anticipating the need for a formal resection of the terminal ileum and cecum (i.e., if the appendix has ruptured at the base)
Surgical Details of  Procedure for Appendix Removal
1. To start an appendix removal, the skin incision is made with a knife.
2. Bovie electrocautery is used to dissect through subcutaneous tissue and control small skin bleeding.
3. The aponeurosis (muscle sheath) of the outer layer of the external oblique muscle is visualized and split by a small incision with a knife and then further opened along the direction of the fibers with a scissors or the Bovie.
4. The muscle belly of the external oblique is then bluntly retracted (but not cut) using the classic muscle splitting technique via a hemostat or Kelly clamp until the aponeurosis of the internal oblique is visualized.
5. The aponeurosis of the internal oblique is split in a similar manner as the external oblique.
6. The muscle belly of the internal oblique is bluntly retracted in a similar manner as the external oblique until the peritoneum is visualized.
7. The peritoneum is grasped on either side by two forceps, pulled up and into the wound, and palpated to insure there is no bowel caught in the fold of the peritoneum.
8. The peritoneum is opened with a small incision using either a knife or scissors.
9. The peritoneal fluid is immediately inspected for amount and prurulence and cultures are taken.
10. The opening in the peritoneum is widened and two hand-held retractors are placed to expose the cecal area.
11. Manual and visual exploration for the appendix is performed by locating the convergence of the cecum and the terminal ileum.
12. The appendix is delivered up into the wound either by digitally “flipping it up” or be grasping the base with a Alice or Babcock and applying traction to allow dissection of any adhesions holding it in the abdominal cavity.
13. The entire appendix is inspected with close attention to the base to insure that the area of rupture is sufficiently distant from the base to allow a margin of healthy tissue.
14. If the base of the appendix is involved in the rupture a limited right hemicolectomy is done (see right hemicolectomy).
15. If the base of the appendix is not involved, the mesoappendix or mesentery of the appendix is divided, cross-clamped with Kelly clamps or hemostats and tied with 2-0 or 3-0 silk usually.
16. When the appendix has been isolated from the mesoappendix, the appendix proximal to the rupture is crushed with a straight clamp.
17. Two chromic ties are then placed on the area of crushed appendix.
18. The appendix is then resected off the stump distal to the ties using a knife.
19. The exposed mucosa is then ablated by the Bovie cautery.
20. Some surgeons then prefer to “dunk” the tied-off appendiceal stump by placing a running pursestring suture around the stump.
21. The intraabdominal area is inspected for bleeding and pockets of remaining infection.
22. Most surgeons will irrigate the abdominal cavity with saline solution or antibiotic-containing saline solution.
23. The edges of the peritoeum are reapproximated using a running 3-0 or 4-0 Vicryl suture.
24. The edges of the internal oblique aponeurosis are reapproximated using a 1-0 or 2-0 Vicryl suture.
25. The edges of the external oblique aponeurosis are likewise reapproximated.
26. The superficial wound is irrigated.
27. If the appendix has ruptured before the appendix removal surgery and there was frank pus, many surgeons will leave the subcutaneous tissue and skin open to heal by secondary intention.
28. If the appendicitis was in the early stages or was normal the subcutaneous tissue can be closed at the level of Scarpa’s fascia with interrupted or running 2-0 Vicryl suture.
29. The skin is closed with staples, interrupted Nylon sutures, or a subcuticular absorbably suture such as Monocryl
Postoperative Course for Appendix Removal
Non-ruptured appendicitis – if the procedure was done through a relatively small right lower incision, recovery is usually rapid with patients starting oral feeds and being discharged from the hospital in 1-2 days. If the incision is a larger right lower quadrant incision or a midline incision, recovery is delayed and the hospital course is lengthened by several days.
Ruptured appendicitis – even in the age of modern antibiotics a ruptured appendix is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. If peritonitis is present, it may take the bowel several days to have a return of function and a 2-3 day stay is not unusual, although many patients recover quickly and can be discharged sooner.
Complications of Appendix Removal
Superficial wound infection – this is a risk in appendix removal with all surgical incisions and is increased if the skin edges are closed in the setting of late appendicitis or rupture.
Intraperitoneal abscess – this is fortunately unusual but can complicate up to 10% of cases of ruptured appendicitis.
Other – as with all surgerie,s in appendix removal there is always a risk of blood clots, pulmonary embolism, stroke, heart att
เทคนิคเปิดบ่งชี้สำหรับภาคผนวก (Appendectomy)ไส้ติ่งอักเสบ – กระบวนการกึ่ง หรือเฉียบพลันที่ทำให้ lumen ของภาคผนวก (ซึ่งเป็น sac ตาบอด) เพื่อเป็นการกีดขวาง มีความรู้ความกดดันและแตกใน นี้เป็นการบ่งชี้ที่พบมากที่สุดสำหรับภาคผนวก (appendectomy)มวล – ไม่ค่อยเป็น appendiceal มวลพบเอกซเรย์ หรือ ระหว่างการผ่าตัดภายในช่องท้อง (laparotomy)ฝีถ้าพบรองกับไส้ติ่งอักเสบที่ต้องระบายออก ถ้ามันเป็นการวินิจฉัย preoperatively ดูแลอยู่จะต้องเป็น radiologist interventional (radiologist ที่ทำขั้นตอน) ระบายน้ำฝีผ่านการ percutaneously (ทางผิวหนัง) ทำการพัฒนาโปรแกรมฐานข้อมูลที่เหลือใน การขยายช่องการอนุญาตให้ "รักษาจากภายในออก" ภาคผนวกนี้จะถูกลบออก ด้วยเทคนิคที่อธิบายไว้ด้านล่างสำหรับภาคผนวกที่ 6 สัปดาห์แล้ว ถ้าพบในระหว่างการผ่าตัด จะต้องถูกคลายออก และระบายน้ำทิ้งในตำแหน่งช่อง abcess โดยศัลยแพทย์ข้อห้ามใช้สำหรับภาคผนวกแตก appendiceal อยู่กับโพรงฝีกำหนดไส้ติ่งอักเสบในโรคลำไส้อักเสบติด (เช่น Crohn เป็นโรค flare-up ใน terminal ileum ต่อเนื่องหรือ cecum)การวินิจฉัยClinical diagnosis – appendicitis requiring appendix removal remains a clinical diagnosis primarily. There is no set of invariably occuring signs and symptoms that leads to the decision to perform appendix removal . The two most common are anorexia (loss of appetite) and pain, although there are many cases of appendicitis that have neither of these. Other signs and symptoms leading to the decision for appendix removal include pain around the umbilicus that “moves” to the right lower quadrant, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rigid and board-like abdomen, and worsening pain on walking. Appendicitis is most difficult to clinically diagnose in the very young and very old and in patients who are diabetic or on steroids.เจริญเต็มขั้นวินิจฉัย – มีการศึกษาเจริญเต็มขั้นที่สามเมื่อประเมินความต้องการสำหรับภาคผนวกเอาที่ใช้กันทั่วไปเพื่อช่วยวินิจฉัยไส้ติ่งอักเสบ แม้ว่าในทางคลินิก clear-cut กรณีไม่มีความจำเป็นอย่างยิ่ง ใช้กันอย่างแพร่หลายมากที่สุดคือการคำนวณเครื่องเอ็กซเรย์คอมพิวเตอร์ (CT) ของช่องท้องและเชิงกรานกับ 5 มม.ตัด ผลลัพธ์ นี้ควรกระทำกับฉีดย้อม ย้อมรับปาก (หรือ PO), และย้อมรับต่อรูตูด (แต่มักจะไม่ทำก็ไม่สบายสำหรับผู้ป่วยและรังสีวิทยาช่างเทคนิคทั้งนั้น) ผลการวิจัยสอดคล้องกับไส้ติ่งต้องเอาภาคผนวกมี stranding mesentery ไม่มีแสดงภาพประกอบเพลงของภาคผนวก lumen น้ำมันในกระปริบกระ ขยาย และ thickened ภาคผนวก โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งถ้าเห็นในระหว่างส่วน จะต้องบันทึกว่า CT ปกติกฎไส้ติ่งอักเสบ การศึกษาได้แสดงว่า การ CT สามารถพลาดไส้ติ่ง โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในขั้นต้น ถึง 10% ของกรณีแม้ว่าน้อยใช้วันนี้ radiography ล้วนฟิล์ม (aka "แบนจาน") สามารถเป็นประโยชน์ในการแสดงมีความทึบในควอดร้อนท์ขวาล่างที่อาจชี้นำของการ fecolith (insissipated เก้าอี้ในปากภาคผนวก) ให้เอาภาคผนวกการทดสอบรังสีวิทยาสามที่บางครั้งต้องใช้ในเด็กเพื่อกำหนดความต้องการสำหรับภาคผนวก จะอุลตร้าซาวด์ช่องท้องด้านขวาล่างของ การทดสอบนี้ง่าย ไม่รุกราน และได้รับรังสีไม่ แต่วิธีใช้จำกัดมันเป็นบางครั้งยากที่จะเห็นภาพภาคผนวก (ปกติ หรืออักเสบ) แทบไม่เคยใช้ในผู้ใหญ่เนื่องจาก habitus ร่างกายขนาดใหญ่Preoperative Workup และเตรียมสำหรับภาคผนวกFluid Resuscitation – ซึ่งมักจะประกอบด้วยของเหลว crystalloid intravenously การคืนค่าใด ๆ intravascular fluid การลดลงของที่อาจมีอยู่เนื่องจากการอักเสบ (peritonitis) peritoneum และ sequestration ของเหลวในเนื้อเยื่อ intraabdominal ("สามห่าง") น้ำให้เป็นน้ำเกลือมักจะปกติ หรือ lactated Ringer ของโซลูชันยาปฏิชีวนะสม่ำเสมอเมื่อเทียบเคียงให้ เนื่องจากภาคผนวกมาปิด ileum เทอร์มินัลที่ juncture ของคู่ แตกนำไปสู่เชื้อเข้าโพรง peritoneal ของแบคทีเรียกรัมลบ และไม่ใช้ ยาปฏิชีวนะชนิดที่กำหนดเป็น Unasyn และ Flagyl (metronidazole) หรือ Zosyn (pipercillin-ทาโซแบคแตม) หรือในกรณี ciprofloxacin แพ้ยาเพนนิซิลลินและ Flagylแผลสำหรับภาคผนวกเบอร์เนย์แผล – ส่วนใหญ่ภาคผนวกเอา proceduree ใช้แผลนี้ห้างที่ทำงานตามแนวทแยงมุมบนผนังหน้าท้องในควอดร้อนท์ขวาล่าง (เช่น แบบขนานไปขอบ ของกล้ามเนื้อ oblique ภายนอก หรือ ในทิศทางที่ทำงานอยู่จากกระดูกสะโพกกระดูก pubic)Rocky-Davis incision– small incision that runs horizontally on the abdominal wall in the right lower quadrantMidline incision– this is sometimes done is the patient is obese or if the surgeon is anticipating the need for a formal resection of the terminal ileum and cecum (i.e., if the appendix has ruptured at the base)Surgical Details of  Procedure for Appendix Removal1. To start an appendix removal, the skin incision is made with a knife.2. Bovie electrocautery is used to dissect through subcutaneous tissue and control small skin bleeding.3. The aponeurosis (muscle sheath) of the outer layer of the external oblique muscle is visualized and split by a small incision with a knife and then further opened along the direction of the fibers with a scissors or the Bovie.4. The muscle belly of the external oblique is then bluntly retracted (but not cut) using the classic muscle splitting technique via a hemostat or Kelly clamp until the aponeurosis of the internal oblique is visualized.5. The aponeurosis of the internal oblique is split in a similar manner as the external oblique.6. The muscle belly of the internal oblique is bluntly retracted in a similar manner as the external oblique until the peritoneum is visualized.7. The peritoneum is grasped on either side by two forceps, pulled up and into the wound, and palpated to insure there is no bowel caught in the fold of the peritoneum.
8. The peritoneum is opened with a small incision using either a knife or scissors.
9. The peritoneal fluid is immediately inspected for amount and prurulence and cultures are taken.
10. The opening in the peritoneum is widened and two hand-held retractors are placed to expose the cecal area.
11. Manual and visual exploration for the appendix is performed by locating the convergence of the cecum and the terminal ileum.
12. The appendix is delivered up into the wound either by digitally “flipping it up” or be grasping the base with a Alice or Babcock and applying traction to allow dissection of any adhesions holding it in the abdominal cavity.
13. The entire appendix is inspected with close attention to the base to insure that the area of rupture is sufficiently distant from the base to allow a margin of healthy tissue.
14. If the base of the appendix is involved in the rupture a limited right hemicolectomy is done (see right hemicolectomy).
15. If the base of the appendix is not involved, the mesoappendix or mesentery of the appendix is divided, cross-clamped with Kelly clamps or hemostats and tied with 2-0 or 3-0 silk usually.
16. When the appendix has been isolated from the mesoappendix, the appendix proximal to the rupture is crushed with a straight clamp.
17. Two chromic ties are then placed on the area of crushed appendix.
18. The appendix is then resected off the stump distal to the ties using a knife.
19. The exposed mucosa is then ablated by the Bovie cautery.
20. Some surgeons then prefer to “dunk” the tied-off appendiceal stump by placing a running pursestring suture around the stump.
21. The intraabdominal area is inspected for bleeding and pockets of remaining infection.
22. Most surgeons will irrigate the abdominal cavity with saline solution or antibiotic-containing saline solution.
23. The edges of the peritoeum are reapproximated using a running 3-0 or 4-0 Vicryl suture.
24. The edges of the internal oblique aponeurosis are reapproximated using a 1-0 or 2-0 Vicryl suture.
25. The edges of the external oblique aponeurosis are likewise reapproximated.
26. The superficial wound is irrigated.
27. If the appendix has ruptured before the appendix removal surgery and there was frank pus, many surgeons will leave the subcutaneous tissue and skin open to heal by secondary intention.
28. If the appendicitis was in the early stages or was normal the subcutaneous tissue can be closed at the level of Scarpa’s fascia with interrupted or running 2-0 Vicryl suture.
29. The skin is closed with staples, interrupted Nylon sutures, or a subcuticular absorbably suture such as Monocryl
Postoperative Course for Appendix Removal
Non-ruptured appendicitis – if the procedure was done through a relatively small right lower incision, recovery is usually rapid with patients starting oral feeds and being discharged from the hospital in 1-2 days. If the incision is a larger right lower quadrant incision or a midline incision, recovery is delayed and the hospital course is lengthened by several days.
Ruptured appendicitis – even in the age of modern antibiotics a ruptured appendix is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. If peritonitis is present, it may take the bowel several days to have a return of function and a 2-3 day stay is not unusual, although many patients recover quickly and can be discharged sooner.
Complications of Appendix Removal
Superficial wound infection – this is a risk in appendix removal with all surgical incisions and is increased if the skin edges are closed in the setting of late appendicitis or rupture.
Intraperitoneal abscess – this is fortunately unusual but can complicate up to 10% of cases of ruptured appendicitis.
Other – as with all surgerie,s in appendix removal there is always a risk of blood clots, pulmonary embolism, stroke, heart att
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