Reduction of emulsifier from 2 g/100 g to 1 g/100 g
caused an increase (p < 0.05) of initial crumb hardness except in CT
bread without shortening. However, hardness of breads without
emulsifierwas not different (p > 0.05) from hardness of breads with
2 g/100 g of emulsifier except in T and CT breads containing 5 g/
100 g of shortening.