● Characterized by heavy centralization of corporate
activities in the home country of origin.
● Production, finance/accounting, sales/marketing,
human resources, and strategic management are set
up to optimize resources in the home country.
● International sales are sometimes dispersed using
agency agreements or subsidiaries, but foreign
marketing is still totally reliant on the domestic home
base for marketing themes and strategies.
● Caterpillar Corporation and other heavy capital-equipment
manufacturers fall into this category of firm.