The burgers were weighed and then cooked in a preheated oven at 163 °C to an internal temperature of 71 °C. The burgers were turned every 4 min to prevent excess surface crust formation. After cooking, the burgers were held at room temperature for a few minutes, and the surfaces were dried slightly with blotting paper before weighing. Cooking losses (%) were calculated as follows:Cooking loss = [(Wb − Wa) / Wb] × 100,where Wb and Wa are the weights of the burgers before and after cooking, respectively