shapes, bolts, threaded rods, and other materials are used in
connections. These devices provide load transfer to concrete
via anchorage in the concrete by bond, bearing, and pullout
or by a shear-cone-resistance mechanism. It is preferable to
design for a steel-material failure, typically defined by yielding,
to govern the connection strength because such failure
modes are more predictable and ductile. In seismic regions,
this ductile behavior may be a code requirement. Load transfer
should be as direct as possible to reduce the complexity
and increase the efficiency of the connection. Before using
proprietary devices, consult with the manufacturer.
6.4.1 Headed Concrete Anchors or Studs
A headed concrete anchor is a smooth shaft with an integral
head. These devices are typically welded to a plate or other
structural-steel shape. The studs may be hand welded, but are
more often attached using a stud gun. The design method for
these devices can be found in Section 6.5.