Instead, this review focuses on evidence of a different kind. Behavioral and neuroimaging studies of human cognition and cognitive development suggest that our species’ talent for mathematical and scientific thinking has a considerable genetic basis in a set of core systems for representing objects, space, and number. These systems emerge early in infancy, remain present throughout life, are harnessed by children when they learn mathematics, and are used by adults when engaging in mathematical and scientific thinking (Dehaene, 1997; Feigenson, Dehaene, & Spelke, 2004; Spelke, 2003). The evidence to be reviewed suggests that these core systems are equally available to males and females. They provide the biological foundations for a set of cognitive capacities that men and women share.