To optimally exploit the high FFA content J. curcas oil in biodiesel
production, a new easy-to-operate heterogeneous catalytic system
which is capable of performing mild esterification and transesterification
with minimal soap formation is highly desirable. Such
integrated solid catalyst furnish with bifunctional acidebase system
where the Lewis acid sites involve to esterification reaction of
carboxylic acid with methanol and the conjugated basic sites activate
the transesterification of triglyceride with methanol in onepot
reaction. In contrast with two steps homogeneous acid and
base catalyze reactions, heterogeneous catalyst equipped with
acidebase properties may render many inherent advantages.