In contrast, Cooper-Marcus and Francis (1997) and Carmona et al. (2003) offer more general approaches that introduce typologies. Cooper-Marcus and Francis suggest detailed design guidelines and checklists for broad types of public spaces (e.g. urban plazas, neighbourhood parks), while Carmona et al. argue that successful development of public space must pay attention to at least six broadly social–spatial dimensions of design (morphological, perceptual, social, visual, functional and temporal).