of construction is particularly useful where crystallisation takes place. Forced circulation
enables higher degrees of concentration to be achieved, since the heat transfer rate can
be maintained in spite of the increased viscosity of the liquid. Because pumping costs
increase roughly as the cube of the velocity, the added cost of operation of this type of
unit may make it uneconomic, although many forced circulation evaporators are running
with a liquor flow through the tubes of 2–5 m/s which is a marked increase on the value
for natural circulation. Where stainless steel or expensive alloys such as Monel are to be
used, forced circulation is favoured because the units can be made smaller and cheaper
than those relying on natural circulation. In the type illustrated in Figure 14.21, there is
an external circulating pump, usually of the centrifugal type when crystals are present,
though otherwise vane types may be used. The liquor is either introduced at the bottom
and pumped straight through the calandria, or it is introduced in the separating section.
In most units, boiling does not take place in the tubes, because the hydrostatic head of
liquid raises the boiling point above that in the separating space. Thus the liquor enters
the bottom of the tubes and is heated as it rises and at the same time the pressure falls.
In the separator the pressure is sufficiently low for boiling to occur. Forced circulation
evaporators work well on materials such as meat extracts, salt, caustic soda, alum and
other crystallising materials and also with glues, alcohols, and foam-forming materials.
For certain applications multi-pass arrangements are used. When a plate heat exchanger
is used instead of the tubular unit, boiling on the heating surfaces is avoided by increasing
the static head using a line restriction between the plate pack and the separator. Compared
with tubular units, lower circulation rates and reduced liquid retention times are important
advantages. Plate-type units are discussed further in Section 14.7.7.
of construction is particularly useful where crystallisation takes place. Forced circulationenables higher degrees of concentration to be achieved, since the heat transfer rate canbe maintained in spite of the increased viscosity of the liquid. Because pumping costsincrease roughly as the cube of the velocity, the added cost of operation of this type ofunit may make it uneconomic, although many forced circulation evaporators are runningwith a liquor flow through the tubes of 2–5 m/s which is a marked increase on the valuefor natural circulation. Where stainless steel or expensive alloys such as Monel are to beused, forced circulation is favoured because the units can be made smaller and cheaperthan those relying on natural circulation. In the type illustrated in Figure 14.21, there isan external circulating pump, usually of the centrifugal type when crystals are present,though otherwise vane types may be used. The liquor is either introduced at the bottomand pumped straight through the calandria, or it is introduced in the separating section.In most units, boiling does not take place in the tubes, because the hydrostatic head ofliquid raises the boiling point above that in the separating space. Thus the liquor entersthe bottom of the tubes and is heated as it rises and at the same time the pressure falls.In the separator the pressure is sufficiently low for boiling to occur. Forced circulationevaporators work well on materials such as meat extracts, salt, caustic soda, alum andother crystallising materials and also with glues, alcohols, and foam-forming materials.For certain applications multi-pass arrangements are used. When a plate heat exchangeris used instead of the tubular unit, boiling on the heating surfaces is avoided by increasingthe static head using a line restriction between the plate pack and the separator. Comparedwith tubular units, lower circulation rates and reduced liquid retention times are importantadvantages. Plate-type units are discussed further in Section 14.7.7.
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