The short-chain substrate p-nitrophenyl acetate (p-NPA) was purchased from Nacalai Tesque, while the mediumand long-chain substrates p-nitrophenyl butyrate (p-NPB), p-nitrophenyl octanoate (p-NPO), p-nitrophenyl laurate (p-NPL)and p-nitrophenyl palmitate (p-NPP) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich.