The MD method is deterministic in which the state of the system at any time are predictable once positions and velocities of each atom are known. MD simulations are sometime time consuming and computational expensive. Nevertheless, the faster and cheaper of the computer today bring up the calculation to the nanosecond time scale.
The basic step in MD simulation was shown in Figure 3.2 The initial system, in which the coordinated can be normally obtained from x-ray or NMR data or built up using molecular modeling method, is minimized in order to get rid of bad An important method for exploring the potential energy surface is to find configurations that are stable points on the surface. This means finding a point in the configuration space where the net force on each atom vanishes, i.e., the derivative or gradient . By adjusting the atomic coordinates and unit cell parameters (for periodic models, if requested) so as to reduce the model potential energy, stable conformations can be identified. Perhaps more important, the addition of external forces to the model in the form of restraints allows for the development of a wide range of modeling strategies using minimization strategies as the foundation for answering specific questions. For example, the question "How much energy is required for one molecule to adopt the shape of another?" can be answered by forcing specific atoms to overlap atoms of a template structure during an energy minimization.
Derivatives provide information that can be very useful in minimization procedure. There can be more than one minimum for a large molecule. The minima are called local minima. The ideal solution of geometry minimization is the global minimum. Due to numerical limitations, however, it is impossible to exactly reach the global minimum or even the local minimum. In practice, local minimum refers to a point on the potential energy surface where the applied minimization procedure cannot further reduce the function value. Mostly, the magnitude of the first derivative is a rigorous way to characterize convergence. The minimum has converged when the derivatives are close to zero. The typical tolerance, for example, in AMBER program is in the range of 10-5 to 10-6 kcal/mol.Å. To reach the minimum the structure must be successively updated by changing the coordinates (take a step) and checking for convergence. Each complete cycle of differentiation and stepping is known as minimization iteration. The efficiency of minimization can be judge by both the number of iterations required to converge and number of function evaluation needed per iteration. Normally, thousands of iterations are required for macromolecules to reach the convergence.
Two first-order minimization methods, which are frequently used in molecular modeling, are steepest descents and conjugate gradient methods. Both techniques use the first derivative of the potential function.
The MD method is deterministic in which the state of the system at any time are predictable once positions and velocities of each atom are known. MD simulations are sometime time consuming and computational expensive. Nevertheless, the faster and cheaper of the computer today bring up the calculation to the nanosecond time scale.
The basic step in MD simulation was shown in Figure 3.2 The initial system, in which the coordinated can be normally obtained from x-ray or NMR data or built up using molecular modeling method, is minimized in order to get rid of bad An important method for exploring the potential energy surface is to find configurations that are stable points on the surface. This means finding a point in the configuration space where the net force on each atom vanishes, i.e., the derivative or gradient . By adjusting the atomic coordinates and unit cell parameters (for periodic models, if requested) so as to reduce the model potential energy, stable conformations can be identified. Perhaps more important, the addition of external forces to the model in the form of restraints allows for the development of a wide range of modeling strategies using minimization strategies as the foundation for answering specific questions. For example, the question "How much energy is required for one molecule to adopt the shape of another?" can be answered by forcing specific atoms to overlap atoms of a template structure during an energy minimization.
Derivatives provide information that can be very useful in minimization procedure. There can be more than one minimum for a large molecule. The minima are called local minima. The ideal solution of geometry minimization is the global minimum. Due to numerical limitations, however, it is impossible to exactly reach the global minimum or even the local minimum. In practice, local minimum refers to a point on the potential energy surface where the applied minimization procedure cannot further reduce the function value. Mostly, the magnitude of the first derivative is a rigorous way to characterize convergence. The minimum has converged when the derivatives are close to zero. The typical tolerance, for example, in AMBER program is in the range of 10-5 to 10-6 kcal/mol.Å. To reach the minimum the structure must be successively updated by changing the coordinates (take a step) and checking for convergence. Each complete cycle of differentiation and stepping is known as minimization iteration. The efficiency of minimization can be judge by both the number of iterations required to converge and number of function evaluation needed per iteration. Normally, thousands of iterations are required for macromolecules to reach the convergence.
Two first-order minimization methods, which are frequently used in molecular modeling, are steepest descents and conjugate gradient methods. Both techniques use the first derivative of the potential function.
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