When it comes to waste and ENMs, three kinds of potential limitations can be identified in existing regulatory frameworks. First, limitations are related to the definitions of what qualifies nanowaste as a ‘substance’, ‘waste’, ‘hazardous waste’, etc. Second, limitations are linked to the requirements triggered by threshold values not tailored to the nanoscale but
which are based instead on bulk material (see e.g. REACH). Third, limitations are related to a lack of metrological tools, (eco) toxicological data and occupational and environmental exposure limits (Hansen and Baun 2012).