The histological changes, as well as the intima-medial thickness of the carotid artery induced by
exposure to cigarette smoke, have been improved by treatment with antioxidants (at either low or
high doses), either after or during exposure to cigarette smoke. Improvement was marked in the
group treated with a low dose of antioxidant. Treatment with antioxidants could not improve degenerated
cardiac muscle fibers, while they could reduce the thickness of the branches of the coronary
vessels.