Methods
Study setting and participant eligibility
All state primary schools in theWest Midlands (UK) which
included school years 1 to 5 (children aged 5 to 10 years)
and that were within a 35 mile radius of the University
of Birmingham were eligible for inclusion (n = 980). To
ensure sufficient representation in the sample to enable
sub-group analysis by minority ethnic group, school populations
were stratified by ethnic mix including White, South
Asian (comprising Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani)
and Black (including African and Caribbean), with the
remainder being classified as “Other” ethnicity. School
populations were dichotomised as being in the top 80th
percentile in terms of South Asian or Black pupil representation,
or not. The sampling strategy used a weighted
random sample so that schools with a higher minority
ethnic population (in top 80th percentile for South Asian
or Black) had an increased chance of being sampled with
a ratio of 3:1. Given the relatively large number of clusters
(>50) the sampling strategy was also balanced to take account
of three other important factors to ensure a range
of characteristics are represented. These were: proportion
of children eligible for free school meals (FSM) as an indicator
of socio-economic make-up of the pupils, school
size and urban/rural location of the school. Using this
method, 200 schools were selected and ordered using
a random number generator. Of these, 7 were excluded
as they did not fit the eligibility criteria. The
remaining schools were sequentially invited to participate,
and 148 were approached until the required sample
size (54 schools) was achieved. Of the 148 schools
approached, 4 did not respond and 90 declined to
participate.
Exclusion criteria
Schools with fewer than 17 pupils in the relevant year
group (minimum cluster size), or those that were in special
measures (status applied by the Office for Standards
in Education when it considers that a school fails to supply
an acceptable level of education and appears to lack
the leadership capacity necessary to secure improvements)
were excluded.
School recruitment process
Schools were approached by letter, followed by a phone
call and a visit to interested schools. All participating
schools (control and intervention) receive a financial reimbursement
(£190) following each period of pupil measurement
to compensate for staff time spent on the study.
Regular newsletters are sent to participating schools to
maintain engagement.
Recruitment of study participants
All Year 1 pupils (aged 5 to 6 years) in participating
schools were eligible to take part. An invitation letter,
information leaflet and consent form were distributed
through schools to parents/carers of eligible pupils.
Trial intervention
The WAVES study intervention programme has four
components (outlined below) delivered over 12 months.
There is also a termly family newsletter to reinforce the
messages delivered through the various components.
The schools are used as the platform for disseminating
information, targeting intervention children and their
วิธีการศึกษาสิทธิการ และผู้เข้าร่วมทุกรัฐโรงเรียนใน theWest มิดแลนด์ (UK) ซึ่งรวมโรงเรียนปี 1-5 (เด็กอายุ 5-10 ปี)และที่อยู่ภายในรัศมี 35 ไมล์ของมหาวิทยาลัยเบอร์มิงแฮมมีสิทธิในการรวม (n = 980) ถึงให้แสดงในตัวอย่างเพื่อให้เพียงพอวิเคราะห์กลุ่มย่อยตามกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ชนกลุ่มน้อย โรงเรียนประชากรมี stratified โดยผสมเชื้อชาติรวมทั้งสีขาว ใต้เอเชีย (ประกอบด้วยอินเดีย บังคลาเทศ และปากีสถาน)และสีดำ (รวมแอฟริกาและแคริบเบียน), มีการเหลือถูกจัดเป็นเชื้อชาติ "อื่นๆ" โรงเรียนประชากรมี dichotomised เป็น 80 ชั้นpercentile ในเอเชียใต้หรือดำนักเรียนการแสดงหรือไม่ กลยุทธ์การสุ่มตัวอย่างใช้การถ่วงน้ำหนักสุ่มตัวอย่างเพื่อที่โรงเรียนกับชนกลุ่มน้อยสูงประชากรชาติพันธุ์ (ใน percentile 80 สูงสุดในเอเชียใต้หรือสีดำ) ได้มีโอกาสเพิ่มขึ้นเป็นตัวอย่างด้วยอัตราส่วน 3:1 กำหนดจำนวนคลัสเตอร์ค่อนข้างมาก(> 50) กลยุทธ์การสุ่มตัวอย่างมีสมดุลการบัญชียังสามปัจจัยอื่น ๆ สำคัญให้ช่วงลักษณะที่แสดงถึงการ มี: สัดส่วนเด็กมีสิทธิ์สำหรับโรงเรียนฟรีอาหาร(มิธ FSM) เป็นตัวบ่งชี้ของสังคมเศรษฐกิจการแต่งหน้าของนักเรียน โรงเรียนขนาดและที่ตั้งเมือง/ชนบทของโรงเรียน ใช้นี้วิธี 200 โรงเรียนที่เลือก และสั่งใช้ตัวสร้างเลขสุ่ม เหล่านี้ 7 ถูกแยกออกas they did not fit the eligibility criteria. Theremaining schools were sequentially invited to participate,and 148 were approached until the required samplesize (54 schools) was achieved. Of the 148 schoolsapproached, 4 did not respond and 90 declined toparticipate.Exclusion criteriaSchools with fewer than 17 pupils in the relevant yeargroup (minimum cluster size), or those that were in specialmeasures (status applied by the Office for Standardsin Education when it considers that a school fails to supplyan acceptable level of education and appears to lackthe leadership capacity necessary to secure improvements)were excluded.School recruitment processSchools were approached by letter, followed by a phonecall and a visit to interested schools. All participatingschools (control and intervention) receive a financial reimbursement(£190) following each period of pupil measurementto compensate for staff time spent on the study.Regular newsletters are sent to participating schools tomaintain engagement.Recruitment of study participantsAll Year 1 pupils (aged 5 to 6 years) in participatingschools were eligible to take part. An invitation letter,information leaflet and consent form were distributedthrough schools to parents/carers of eligible pupils.Trial interventionThe WAVES study intervention programme has fourcomponents (outlined below) delivered over 12 months.There is also a termly family newsletter to reinforce themessages delivered through the various components.The schools are used as the platform for disseminatinginformation, targeting intervention children and their
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