Role of paracetamol and NSAIDs in addition to step III
opioids
Findings
The first step of the WHO analgesic ladder recommends
the use of paracetamol or NSAIDs without opioids;
combination with opioids is possible as part of step II and
step III. Our recommendation, however, only addresses
use of these drugs in combination with step III opioids.
In a Cochrane review updated to March, 2003,
42 eligible trials were identified. The evidence supported
the superiority of NSAIDs and paracetamol to placebo,
but no diff erence could be found between diff erent
NSAIDs. Concerning the addition of NSAIDs or
paracetamol to step III opioids, fi ve placebo-controlled,
double-blind RCTs were identifi ed. Another review32
found seven further articles, giving a total of 12 eligible
studies (seven of NSAIDs and fi ve of paracetamol). Three
studies showed increased analgesia and two a decrease
in opioid consumption with combined NSAIDs and
opioids. In one study a mean diff erence of 0·4 on a
0–10 numerical pain-intensity rating scale was found in
favour of paracetamol. One study showed a higher
prevalence of gastrointestinal side-eff ects in patients
treated with opioids and NSAIDs than in patients treated
with opioids alone. In general, trial design and duration
of reviewed studies were not adequate to enable
assessment of the side-eff ects of long-term NSAID use
in this population, but caution was recommended,
particularly the high-risk elderly population, because of
these drugs’ known gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular
toxic eff ects.91
All these studies had substantial limitations because of
the heterogeneity in designs, populations, and outcome
measures and the lack of long-term evaluation.
Role of paracetamol and NSAIDs in addition to step IIIopioidsFindingsThe first step of the WHO analgesic ladder recommendsthe use of paracetamol or NSAIDs without opioids;combination with opioids is possible as part of step II andstep III. Our recommendation, however, only addressesuse of these drugs in combination with step III opioids.In a Cochrane review updated to March, 2003,42 eligible trials were identified. The evidence supportedthe superiority of NSAIDs and paracetamol to placebo,but no diff erence could be found between diff erentNSAIDs. Concerning the addition of NSAIDs orparacetamol to step III opioids, fi ve placebo-controlled,double-blind RCTs were identifi ed. Another review32found seven further articles, giving a total of 12 eligiblestudies (seven of NSAIDs and fi ve of paracetamol). Threestudies showed increased analgesia and two a decreasein opioid consumption with combined NSAIDs andopioids. In one study a mean diff erence of 0·4 on a0–10 numerical pain-intensity rating scale was found infavour of paracetamol. One study showed a higherprevalence of gastrointestinal side-eff ects in patientstreated with opioids and NSAIDs than in patients treatedwith opioids alone. In general, trial design and durationof reviewed studies were not adequate to enableassessment of the side-eff ects of long-term NSAID usein this population, but caution was recommended,particularly the high-risk elderly population, because ofของยาเสพติดเหล่านี้รู้จักระบบ ไต และหลอดเลือดหัวใจeff พิษ ects.91ศึกษาเหล่านี้มีข้อจำกัดที่พบเนื่องจากheterogeneity ในงานออกแบบ ประชากร และผลลัพธ์วัดและขาดการประเมินผลระยะยาว
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..