As such,
these subjects have been devalued and overlooked in K-12 STEM education in the U.S., which results in a lack of qualified teachers and
professional development for them, as well as no concrete curriculum standards on these subjects. Computer Science, which is a technology-related subject, is not an exception to the marginalization in the K-12 STEM curriculum, although it should be an integral subject
that will enable all students to have technological literacy in order to prepare for life in a global high-tech economy (Barr & Stephenson,
2011; Wilson, Sudol, Stephenson, & Stehlik, 2010).