The same type of analysis could be applied to the marketing flow costs associated with providing other service outputs, for example, availability, bulk-breaking, product variety, and information provision. A more complete set of criteria would include not just total cost minimization but would also appropriately factor in the utility or benefit accrued by the end-user in receiving these service outputs. Clearly, focusing on efficiency -that is, cost minimization –inside the channel itself will not provide a channel solution that minimizes gaps for the channel, and attention to the relative value placed on postponement and speculation by both channel members and end-users helps highlight the sources of some channel gaps.