Today, the clinical trial protocol – which serves as an anchor for specifying clinical trial requirements and parameters – does not exist in a common, machine-readable format which can be easily exchanged among disparate systems. Currently, there exists an average lag time of four months between protocol completion and study start. Furthermore, third-party conversion of data to Study Data Tabulation Model (SDTM) lengthens cycle time and presents limits for traceability and re-use. Finally, working in a document-based environment results in significant manual duplication of effort.