The conflict has claimed the lives of more than 5,000 people and injured an additional 10,000 since 2004, according to the Deep South Watch at Prince of Songkhla Univeristy in Pattani. While there was a rapid escalation of violence during the initial phase of the conflict and after the military coup in 2006, violence has remained at a steady level for the past five years. Separatist violence is currently concentrated in three Malay-Muslim provinces — Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat — as well as four districts in neighbouring Songkhla. This historically rebellious region has seen waves of uprisings against Thai rule since it became part of the country through the 1909 Anglo–Siamese treaty. The 1970s and 1980s in particular saw an extended separatist campaign of guerrilla warfare that was defeated through military suppression and amnesty programs.