There were large migrations into CIV, for example, including the forced labor brought into CIV from Burkina Faso
(Upper Volta) by the French in the early 1940s. A more ethnically based politics in the late 1990s is viewed by specialists in the politics of CIV as helping precipitate the disaster of regional and ethnic conflict in the 2000s. Besides colonial rule having strongly negative effects, close Côte d’Ivoire dependence on one nation (France) may have been a hindrance to its growth and economic and political development over the long run. For Ghana, diversification of foreign relationships is one of the candidates for explaining its relative success.