Besides the growth of intelligent tutoring systems, the development of on-line testing systems has also attracted the attention of researchers. Taking GRE (Graduate Record Examinations) as an example, students have taken this test on computers since 1992, and the paper-and-pencil form was totally abandoned in 1999.
IBM and Arthur Andersen have been working on developing computerized testing systems, and systems which replace traditional paper-and-pencil testing systems with on-line testing are proliferating rapidly.