Labour law is embedded in this wider system of social relations; the weakness of impersonal rules in employment relations is evident. O zkan suggests that faced by problems, instead of going to the courts Uzbek business people ‘would seek the help and advice of their influential and powerful relatives and friends’ (O zkan,2010:83). According to Transparency International’s Annual Corruption Report (2012), Central Asian countries continue to occupy low positions in the control of corruption, rule of law and judicial independence indices. Moreover, unions’ legal rights steadily diminished during ‘transition’. In Kazakhstan, a 2000 revision of the Labour Code shifted employment relations to an essentially individual basis by making only individual contracts mandatory; collective agreements at all levels were from this point voluntary.Unions retained the right to prevent the termination of an individual’s contract revoked (ICTUR, 2005). Parliament is at the time of writing considering further restrictions both on civil liberties in general, such as the right of assembly, marches and freedom of expression; simultaneously, the new trade union law prohibits
such activities as enterprise unions or the basic level of union organisation by organisations without nation-wide status Buketov,2014). In short, enterprise unions (which may potentially lead industrial action) are subordinated to national organisations (which are more subject to political influence).
Thus, labour law has been continuously weakened although unions continue to resist these changes (Buketov, 2014).
¨
Labour law is embedded in this wider system of social relations; the weakness of impersonal rules in employment relations is evident. O zkan suggests that faced by problems, instead of going to the courts Uzbek business people ‘would seek the help and advice of their influential and powerful relatives and friends’ (O zkan,2010:83). According to Transparency International’s Annual Corruption Report (2012), Central Asian countries continue to occupy low positions in the control of corruption, rule of law and judicial independence indices. Moreover, unions’ legal rights steadily diminished during ‘transition’. In Kazakhstan, a 2000 revision of the Labour Code shifted employment relations to an essentially individual basis by making only individual contracts mandatory; collective agreements at all levels were from this point voluntary.Unions retained the right to prevent the termination of an individual’s contract revoked (ICTUR, 2005). Parliament is at the time of writing considering further restrictions both on civil liberties in general, such as the right of assembly, marches and freedom of expression; simultaneously, the new trade union law prohibits such activities as enterprise unions or the basic level of union organisation by organisations without nation-wide status Buketov,2014). In short, enterprise unions (which may potentially lead industrial action) are subordinated to national organisations (which are more subject to political influence).Thus, labour law has been continuously weakened although unions continue to resist these changes (Buketov, 2014).¨
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