Novel rehabilitation technology, such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and bedside cycle ergome- try, may be useful adjunctive interventions to facilitate very early rehabilitation in critically ill patients [70]. NMES induces passive contraction of muscles through electrical impulses delivered through skin electrodes placed over target muscle groups (eg, quadriceps) and may help in ameliorating the development of muscle at- rophy and weakness among high-risk critically ill patients during the acute phase of their illness when they may remain heavily sedated [71,72]. Bedside cycle ergome- try can provide muscle strength training and range of motion exercises for ICU patients who are either awake (active cycling) or sedated (passive cycling), and may also preserve muscle strength and function [73]. The poten- tial role of these rehabilitation interventions in critically ill patients require further study in large, prospective clinical trials.