Microwave heating is a highly efficient technique for various thermal processes. Advantages of
microwave heating compared to conventional processing methods include energy-saving rapid heating
rates and short processing times, deep penetration of the microwave energy (which allows heat to be
generated efficiently without directly contacting the work-piece), instantaneous and precise electronic
control, clean heating processes, and no generation of secondary waste. Microwave energy processes for
heating, drying, and curing have been developed for numerous laboratory-scale investigations and, in
some cases, have been commercialized. Microwave energy use should theoretically be advantageous in
the processing of cement and concrete materials (e.g., hydraulic Portland cement, aggregate, and water).
These materials exhibit excellent dielectric properties and, therefore, should be able to absorb
microwave energy very efficiently and instantaneously convert it into heat.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the use of microwave energy to process cement and
concrete materials, as well as a critical evaluation of currently utilized microwave heating mechanisms
and high-performance microwave systems. The current status of microwave applications and future research
and development trends are also discussed, including such thermal processing methods as the high-
temperature sintering of cement materials, the accelerated curing of precast concrete products, as well as the
drilling and cleaning of decontaminated concrete surfaces by the built-up internal pressure. The results of
this review indicate that microwave heating is directly associated with dielectric loss by the cement and
concrete. Microwave processing can be used to improve clinkering and to reduce the clinkering temperature
by about 100 1C. Considerations when constructing mathematical models of microwave heating for cement
andconcreteshouldincludetheinfluences of heat and mass transfer during microwave curing on the
temperature difference in the concrete, the degree of uniformity of the internal structure, and the ultimate
performance of the product. Future studies of microwave energy in cement and concrete applications might
include investigations of adaptive (time-dependent) dielectric properties, coupling chemical reactions in the
presence of microwave energy, the design and construction of suitable microwave systems, and the
prediction of related phenomena (e.g., thermal runaway, as a highly regulated safety issue).
Microwave heating is a highly efficient technique for various thermal processes. Advantages ofmicrowave heating compared to conventional processing methods include energy-saving rapid heatingrates and short processing times, deep penetration of the microwave energy (which allows heat to begenerated efficiently without directly contacting the work-piece), instantaneous and precise electroniccontrol, clean heating processes, and no generation of secondary waste. Microwave energy processes forheating, drying, and curing have been developed for numerous laboratory-scale investigations and, insome cases, have been commercialized. Microwave energy use should theoretically be advantageous inthe processing of cement and concrete materials (e.g., hydraulic Portland cement, aggregate, and water).These materials exhibit excellent dielectric properties and, therefore, should be able to absorbmicrowave energy very efficiently and instantaneously convert it into heat.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the use of microwave energy to process cement andconcrete materials, as well as a critical evaluation of currently utilized microwave heating mechanismsand high-performance microwave systems. The current status of microwave applications and future researchand development trends are also discussed, including such thermal processing methods as the high-temperature sintering of cement materials, the accelerated curing of precast concrete products, as well as thedrilling and cleaning of decontaminated concrete surfaces by the built-up internal pressure. The results ofthis review indicate that microwave heating is directly associated with dielectric loss by the cement andconcrete. Microwave processing can be used to improve clinkering and to reduce the clinkering temperatureby about 100 1C. Considerations when constructing mathematical models of microwave heating for cementandconcreteshouldincludetheinfluences of heat and mass transfer during microwave curing on thetemperature difference in the concrete, the degree of uniformity of the internal structure, and the ultimateperformance of the product. Future studies of microwave energy in cement and concrete applications mightinclude investigations of adaptive (time-dependent) dielectric properties, coupling chemical reactions in thepresence of microwave energy, the design and construction of suitable microwave systems, and theprediction of related phenomena (e.g., thermal runaway, as a highly regulated safety issue).
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Microwave heating is a highly efficient technique for various thermal processes. Advantages of
microwave heating compared to conventional processing methods include energy-saving rapid heating
rates and short processing times, deep penetration of the microwave energy (which allows heat to be
generated efficiently without directly contacting the work-piece), instantaneous and precise electronic
control, clean heating processes, and no generation of secondary waste. Microwave energy processes for
heating, drying, and curing have been developed for numerous laboratory-scale investigations and, in
some cases, have been commercialized. Microwave energy use should theoretically be advantageous in
the processing of cement and concrete materials (e.g., hydraulic Portland cement, aggregate, and water).
These materials exhibit excellent dielectric properties and, therefore, should be able to absorb
microwave energy very efficiently and instantaneously convert it into heat.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the use of microwave energy to process cement and
concrete materials, as well as a critical evaluation of currently utilized microwave heating mechanisms
and high-performance microwave systems. The current status of microwave applications and future research
and development trends are also discussed, including such thermal processing methods as the high-
temperature sintering of cement materials, the accelerated curing of precast concrete products, as well as the
drilling and cleaning of decontaminated concrete surfaces by the built-up internal pressure. The results of
this review indicate that microwave heating is directly associated with dielectric loss by the cement and
concrete. Microwave processing can be used to improve clinkering and to reduce the clinkering temperature
by about 100 1C. Considerations when constructing mathematical models of microwave heating for cement
andconcreteshouldincludetheinfluences of heat and mass transfer during microwave curing on the
temperature difference in the concrete, the degree of uniformity of the internal structure, and the ultimate
performance of the product. Future studies of microwave energy in cement and concrete applications might
include investigations of adaptive (time-dependent) dielectric properties, coupling chemical reactions in the
presence of microwave energy, the design and construction of suitable microwave systems, and the
prediction of related phenomena (e.g., thermal runaway, as a highly regulated safety issue).
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