2.3.2. Rendering
The rendering process simultaneously dries the material and separates the fat from the protein [26] and yields fat and a protein meal (e.g., hatchery waste by-product meal) similar to meat and bone meal or fertiliser [27]. There is shortage of protein meals world wide for use in diets particularly in the pig and poultry industries. The decision to render hatchery waste depends on whether it is cheaper to transport the waste to a rendering facility or to send to landfill. A major issue when using by-products such as hatchery waste meal in diets is whether they are pathogen free.
2.3.3. Outoclaved and extruded
Extruded or autoclaved hatchery waste could be used as livestock feed. Said [28] reported that dry extrusion was an effective method to treat hatchery waste. For example Miller [29] extruded a mixture of ground hatchery waste and yellow maize meal (25:75) at 140 C for 10 s, while Lilburn et al. [30] autoclaved turkey hatchery waste for 15 min at 125 C and 1.76 kg/cm2 and then dried it at 50 C for 1 hour. Similarly Verma and Rao [31] autoclaved hatchery waste (infertile eggs or eggs with dead embryos) and dried it at 100 C for 10 h. Ravindra-Reddy and Rajasekhar-Reddy [32] autoclaved day old cull male chicks for 30 min. The product was dried and powdered and used as poultry feed.
2.3.4. Boiling
Hatchery waste could be treated in the same way as poultry waste (feathers, heads, feet and inedible entrails (intestine, lung, spleen) by boiling at 100 C with a pressure of 2.2 kg/cm2 for 15 min; then boiled again at 100 C for 5 hours, followed by boiling at 130 C for 1 h then cooled to ambient temperature [33]. Likewise dead embryos could be boiled for 100 C for 30 min, soaked in cold water for 20 min to remove shells, sun dried for 4d and used in poultry feed [34]. Cooking hatchery waste with water (2:1) then dehydrating to a dried product has been used as livestock feed [35-37]. Nutritive value of the dried dead embryos is 36% CP, 27% ether extract, 17% ash, 10% calcium and 0.6% phosphorus [38].
2.3.2. RenderingThe rendering process simultaneously dries the material and separates the fat from the protein [26] and yields fat and a protein meal (e.g., hatchery waste by-product meal) similar to meat and bone meal or fertiliser [27]. There is shortage of protein meals world wide for use in diets particularly in the pig and poultry industries. The decision to render hatchery waste depends on whether it is cheaper to transport the waste to a rendering facility or to send to landfill. A major issue when using by-products such as hatchery waste meal in diets is whether they are pathogen free.2.3.3. Outoclaved and extrudedExtruded or autoclaved hatchery waste could be used as livestock feed. Said [28] reported that dry extrusion was an effective method to treat hatchery waste. For example Miller [29] extruded a mixture of ground hatchery waste and yellow maize meal (25:75) at 140 C for 10 s, while Lilburn et al. [30] autoclaved turkey hatchery waste for 15 min at 125 C and 1.76 kg/cm2 and then dried it at 50 C for 1 hour. Similarly Verma and Rao [31] autoclaved hatchery waste (infertile eggs or eggs with dead embryos) and dried it at 100 C for 10 h. Ravindra-Reddy and Rajasekhar-Reddy [32] autoclaved day old cull male chicks for 30 min. The product was dried and powdered and used as poultry feed.2.3.4. BoilingHatchery waste could be treated in the same way as poultry waste (feathers, heads, feet and inedible entrails (intestine, lung, spleen) by boiling at 100 C with a pressure of 2.2 kg/cm2 for 15 min; then boiled again at 100 C for 5 hours, followed by boiling at 130 C for 1 h then cooled to ambient temperature [33]. Likewise dead embryos could be boiled for 100 C for 30 min, soaked in cold water for 20 min to remove shells, sun dried for 4d and used in poultry feed [34]. Cooking hatchery waste with water (2:1) then dehydrating to a dried product has been used as livestock feed [35-37]. Nutritive value of the dried dead embryos is 36% CP, 27% ether extract, 17% ash, 10% calcium and 0.6% phosphorus [38].
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