Low growth and poor conversion efficiencies with low lipid–high carbohydrate diet could perhaps be
attributed to a deficiency of essential fatty acids EFAs in diet. Since the diet with a CHO:L ratio of 0.02 contained only 1% dietary lipid, it may not have met the needs of the fish for essential fatty acids, thus resulting in reduced growth and poor feed efficiency. In T. zilli, low lipid 1.7% and high carbohydrate 41.00% , corresponding to a CHO:L ratio of 24.11, in a 30% CP and 300 kcal/100 g ME diet similarly produced low growth rates and feed utilization