At the start of the semester 28 of the 30 students rated as “Beginning” in the development of an
understanding of people as part of IS and only 2 students rated as “Consolidating or Established”.
At the end of semester 12 of the 30 students rated “Beginning” and 18 students rated as “Consolidating
or Established”. So 16 students changed from “Beginning” to “Consolidating or Established”.
McNemar’s test focuses on the difference between the change cells (bolded) in the table
(MC = 17-1 = 16 in this case). If there is no significant change in understanding the observations
in the change cells are equally likely to fall in either cell. With this null hypothesis we can use the
binomial distribution to find the probability of the observed configuration. For MC = 17-1 = 16,
the exact two-sided p-value is 0.0001 and so the hypothesis of no change is strongly rejected. The
one-sided p-value is 0.0001/2 = 0.00005 and since MC > 0 it is concluded that there was a significant
increase in the number of students rated as “Consolidating or Established”.