on the basis of the finding in the current study, the authors also question the strong focus that the nurses have on determining the root of child behavior. further mapping and identifying the root cause is important as well as recognizing the intrinsic value of the presence, support, and caring of nurse as deputies for the absent parents. further research and more in-dept observational study and needed that focus on the meaning of presence and inter subjective encounters between nurses and children living in families with parental substances abuse.