We recommend that auctions be used where possible. Prior to an auction the tools of spectrum valuation (task 1) and estimation of societal value (task 2) should be used to assess whether there is a case for an alternative allocation or for unlicensed usage. After that the auction should be designed firstly to ensure that there is nothing that inadvertently penalises an alternative application and secondly to use auction techniques such as reserve prices to enable those who cannot participate in a market to nevertheless influence the outcome.